Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Is a scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
A
Anatomy
3
Q
Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.
A
Anatomy
4
Q
The study of the body by systems.
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Systemic Anatomy
5
Q
The study of the organization of the body by areas.
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Regional Anatomy
6
Q
Are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
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Anatomical Anomalies
7
Q
Can vary in severity from relatively harmless to life-threatening.
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Anatomical Anomalies
8
Q
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
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Developmental Anatomy
9
Q
Considers changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development.
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Embryology
10
Q
Examines the structural features of cells.
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Cytology
11
Q
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.
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Histology
12
Q
The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.
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Gross Anatomy
13
Q
Can be approached either systemically or regionally.
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Gross Anatomy
14
Q
A group of structures that have one or more common functions.
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System
15
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Example of Systems
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Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular Systems, etc.
16
Q
2 general ways to examine internal structures
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Surface Anatomy and Anatomical Imaging
17
Q
The study of external features which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures; ex: Bony projections
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Surface Anatomy
18
Q
Involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
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Anatomical Imaging
19
Q
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
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Physiology
20
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Often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.
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Physiology
21
Q
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease.
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Pathology
22
Q
Major goals of studying Physiology
A
To understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli.
To understand how the body maintains internal conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments.
23
Q
Physiology that examines the processes occurring in cells.
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Cell Physiology
24
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Physiology that considers the functions of organ systems.
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Systemic Physiology
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Physiology that focuses on the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
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Physiology that deals with the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Physiology
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Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
28
Levels of an organism
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Chemical
Cellular
Tissues
Organs
Organ-System
Organism
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Smallest level of the levels of an organism
Chemical
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Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
Chemical
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Tiny building blocks of matter.
Atom
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Function is intimately related to its structure.
Molecules
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Basic structural and functional units of life.
Cells
34
What combines to form organelles?
Molecules
35
The small structure inside cells
Organelles
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Is an organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information.
Nucleus
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Are organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
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A molecule cell use for energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
Tissues
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4 Basic Tissue Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
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Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
Organs
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Group of organs contributing to some function
Organ-System
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All organ systems working together
Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
Organism
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Functional interrelationships between parts.
Organization
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Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism.
Metabolism
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Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes (perform vital).
Metabolism
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Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes.
Includes both internal and external environments.
Responsiveness
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Can increase in size and number of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials.
Growth
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Changes in form and size
Development
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Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
Differentiation
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The changes in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
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Formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
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Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.
Homeostasis
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Measures of body properties that may change in value
Variables
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Give examples of variables
Body Temperature, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Levels
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Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
Normal Range
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Normal, or average value of a variable
Set Point
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Variable(s) that are affected by fever
Body Temperature
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Variable(s) that are affected by exercise
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Respiratory Rate
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The main mechanism used homeostatic regulation.
Negative Feedback
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A negative feedback response involves:
Detection
| Correction
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Of deviation away from set point.
Detection
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Reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range.
Correction
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A changed variable.
Stimulus
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The Components of Negative Feedback
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
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Detects changes in variable
Receptor
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Receives receptor signal
Control Center
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Directly causes change in variable.
Effector
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Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive Feedback
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2 Basic Principles to Remember involving feedbacks
Many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
71
What is the correct anatomical position?
Standing or erect posture
Arms at the sides
Face, feet, and palms forward
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What are the anatomical directions?
Superior = Above/Up
Inferior = Below/Down
Anterior or Ventral = Front
Posterior or Dorsal = Back
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Directional movements on the trunk toward the head
Cephalic
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Directional movements on the trunk toward the tail
Caudal
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The anterior surface of the human body
Ventral Surface
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The posterior surface of the body
Dorsal Surface
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Close to/toward the midline
Medial
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Away from midline
Lateral
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Close to point of attachment
Proximal
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Far from point of attachment
Distal
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Structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
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Structure toward the interior of the body
Deep
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Lying with face upwards
Supine
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Lying with face downwards
Prone
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Imaginary flat surfaces.
Anatomical Planes
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What are the anatomical planes?
Sagittal Plane
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
87
Runs vertically through the body, separates the body into right and left parts.
Sagittal Plane
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A sagittal plane that passes the midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Midsagittal/Median Plane
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Separates the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
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Separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
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A cut through the length of the organ.
Longitudinal Section
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A cut at the right angle to the length of an organ.
Transverse/Cross Section
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A cut is made across the length of an organ at other than a right angle.
Oblique Section
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What are the body cavities in the trunk that do not open to the outside of the body.
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
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Surrounded by the rib cage.
Contains the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Thoracic Cavity
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A middle section that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts.
Contains the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Mediastinum
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Enclosed by abdominal muscles.
Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
Abdominal Cavity
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Encase by pelvic bones.
Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
Pelvic Cavity
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The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated.
Contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
Peritoneal Cavity
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Covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral Peritoneum
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Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal Peritoneum
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Anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Mesenteries
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Other abdominopelvic organs that are covered by parietal peritoneum.
Consists of kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and urinary bladder.
Retroperitoneal
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2 Principal Group of Cavities
Dorsal Cavities
Ventral Cavities
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Lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
Serous Membrane
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Are found against the outer wall of a body cavity.
Parietal Serous Membrane
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Are found covering the organs in a body cavity.
Visceral Serous Membrane
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Examples of inflammation of the serous membranes due to infection
Pericarditis
Pleurisy
Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the pericardium.
Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pleura.
Pleurisy
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Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis
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Cavities found in the dorsal cavities
Cranial cavity
| Spinal cavity
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Within the skull
Organ: Brain
Cranial Cavity
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Within the vertebral column
Organ: Spinal Cord
Spinal Cavity
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Cavities found in the ventral cavities
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Thoracic Cavity
-Pleural Cavity
-Mediastinum
-Pericardial Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
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Cavity within the rib cage.
Thoracic Cavity
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Left: 1/3 of the thoracic cavity.
Right: 1/3 of the thoracic cavity
Contain: Pleural Fluid
Each lung is surrounded by this
Pleural Cavity
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Covers the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
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Lines inner wall of thorax.
Parietal Pleura
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Lies between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contain pleural fluid.
Pleural Cavity
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Reduces friction of the lungs to the thoracic wall
Pleural Fluid
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Middle 1/3 of the thorax
Contains: Heart, Trachea, and Esophagus
Mediastinum
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Contains: Pericardial Fluid
Pericardial Cavity
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Covers the Heart
Visceral Pericardium
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Thick and Fibrous
Parietal Pericardium
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Contains Pericardial Fluid that is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.
Pericardial cavity
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The space between the diaphragm and the pelvis.
Contains: Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, and Kidneys
Abdominal Cavity
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The space within the pelvis.
Contains: Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, Part of the Large Intestine
Pelvic Cavity
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What are the general regions of the body?
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Central Regions
Abdomen
131
What are the parts in the upper limbs region?
Upper Arm
Forearm
Wrist and Hand
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Extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
Upper Arm
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Extends from the elbow to the wrist.
Forearm
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What are the parts in the lower limbs region?
Thigh
Lower Leg
Ankle and Foot
135
Extends from the hip to the knee
Thigh
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Extends from the knee to the ankle.
Lower Leg
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What are the parts in the central region?
Head and Neck
| Trunk
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The chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.
Thorax / Thoracic Cavity
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Contains organs such as the liver, stomach, and intestines.
Abdomen
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Contains the bladder and reproductive organs.
Pelvis
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How are the parts in the abdomen region classified?
Four Abdominal Quadrants
| Nine Abdominal Regions
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What are the Nine Abdominal Regions?
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Epigastric Region
Right & Left Hypochondriac Region
Umbilical Region
Right & Left Lumbar Region
Hypogastric Region
Right & Left Iliac Region
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What are the Organ Systems of the body?
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
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Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Integumentary System
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Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Skeletal System
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Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Muscular System
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A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Nervous System
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A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
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Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
150
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic System
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Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
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Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
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Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
154
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female Reproductive System
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Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
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A fluid-filled space between the membranes
Cavity
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Serous membrane around the pericardial cavity
Pericardium
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Serous membrane around the pleural cavity
Pleura
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Serous membrane around the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
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Covers and anchors organ around the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum
161
Generation of new individuals
Reproduction
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Tissue repair
Reproduction
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Initiates a homeostatic mechanism
Stimulus
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Establishes set point
Control Center
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Sends signal to effector
Control Center
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System response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range
Positive Feedback
167
Not directly used for homeostasis
Positive Feedback
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Generally associated with injury, disease
Positive Feedback
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Negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis
Positive Feedback
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Divides, or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
Anatomical Planes
171
The muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.
Thoracic Cavity
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The space within the chest wall and diaphragm.
Thoracic Cavity
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The two lungs are located on each side.
Mediastinum
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The space between the lungs.
Mediastinum
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Consists of two layers of peritoneum fused together.
Mesenteries
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Connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall.
Mesenteries
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Connect certain organs’ visceral peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs.
Mesenteries
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True or False?
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries.
True
179
Line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the outer surface of the parietal pericardium, and the superior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal Pleura
180
Contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium.
Visceral Pericardium
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Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails, Sebaceous Glands, and Sweat Glands.
Integumentary System
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Consists of Bones, Associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints.
Skeletal System
183
Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
184
Consists of the Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory receptors.
Nervous System
185
Consists of Endocrine Glands, such as the Pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
186
Consists of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood.
Cardiovascular System
187
Consists of the Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, and other Lymphatic Organs.
Lymphatic System
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Consists of the Lungs and Respiratory Passages.
Respiratory System
189
Consists of the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
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Consists of the Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, and Ureters
Urinary System
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Consists of the Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
192
Consists of the Testes, Accessory Structures, Ducts, and Penis.
Male Reproductive System
