Organization of the Human Body

Question 1

Science that studies structure

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

Science that studies body functions

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE: Physiology (functions) determines anatomy (structure).

Answer 3

FALSE. Anatomy determines physiology.

Question 4

This level of organization deals with the atomic and molecular levels of an organism.

Answer 4

Chemical

Question 5

The second level of organization that deals with the basic unit of life, which contains organelles.

Answer 5

Cellular

Question 6

The group of cells and surrounding materials.

Answer 6

Tissues

Question 7

What are the four basic types of tissues?

Answer 7

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

Question 8

From what Greek phrase did the word anatomy come from?

Answer 8

To cut apart

Question 9

How was anatomy first studied by the early physicians?

Answer 9

By dissecting or cutting

Question 10

He is a Greek physician and philosopher. He is known as the Father of Pharmacy.

Answer 10

Claudius Galen

Question 11

This type of tissue cover body surfaces and lines hollow organs.

Answer 11

Epithelial Tissues

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscular tissues support and protect the body.

Answer 12

FALSE.

Connective tissues are the ones that support and protect the body. Muscular tissues are responsible in making the body move and generating heat.

Question 13

What tissue carries information from one part to another?

Answer 13

Nervous tissue

Question 14

Group of tissues performing a common function

Answer 14

Organ

Question 15

Group of organs with a common function

Answer 15

System

Question 16

Contains all systems that work together to maintain life processes

Answer 16

Organism

Question 17

How many life processes are important in the human body?

Answer 17

Six life processes

Question 18

It is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

Answer 18

Metabolism

Question 19

Two categories of metabolism

Answer 19

Catabolism

Anabolism

Question 20

What is catabolism?

Answer 20

breakdown of complex substances into smaller component

Question 21

What is anabolism?

Answer 21

buildup of smaller complex chemical substances to larger components

Question 22

It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

Answer 22

Responsiveness

Question 23

It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Answer 23

Movement

Question 24

What is growth?

Answer 24

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

Question 25

What is differentiation?

Answer 25

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state from one type of cell as precursor into producing new cell with a different function

Question 26

Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual

Answer 26

Reproduction

Question 27

Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual

Answer 27

Reproduction

Question 28

Postmortem examination

Answer 28

Autopsy

Question 29

Reasons why an autopsy is done

Answer 29

o Uncovers cause of death o Uncover existence of an underlying disease that did not manifest o Reveal a condition that may affect the offspring of the person o Resolving disputes between insurance company about the cause of death

Question 30

the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

Answer 30

Homeostasis

Question 31

TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is a dynamic process.

Answer 31

TRUE. It is because of the many changes in the body but still manages to go back to normal.

Question 32

What system maintains homeostasis?

Answer 32

Feedback system

Question 33

the cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

Answer 33

Feedback systems or Feedback loop

Question 34

What is a controlled condition?

Answer 34

It is the monitored variable.

Question 35

TRUE OR FALSE: Controlled conditions should always be within the range.

Answer 35

TRUE. If they are not within the normal range, it can cause serious problems.

Question 36

What are the three basic components of feedback systems?

Answer 36

receptor control center effector

Question 37

What are the six life processes?

Answer 37

``` metabolism growth differentiation responsiveness reproduction movement ```

Question 38

It disrupts the controlled variable.

Answer 38

Stimulus

Question 39

This recognizes the change and sends messages or input to afferent pathways to the control center.

Answer 39

Receptor

Question 40

It evaluates the input and sends output to the efferent pathway to the effector.

Answer 40

Control Center

Question 41

It receives the output and produces a response.

Answer 41

Effector

Question 42

It reverses a change in a controlled condition

Answer 42

Negative feedback systems

Question 43

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are under this feedback system

Answer 43

Negative feedback system

Question 44

TRUE OR FALSE: "Negative" means "bad"

Answer 44

FALSE. The "negative" in negative feedback systems means "opposite."

Question 44

TRUE OR FALSE: "Negative" means "bad"

Answer 44

FALSE. The "negative" in negative feedback systems means "opposite."

Question 45

Only a few homeostatic control mechanisms are under this type.

Answer 45

Positive feedback systems

Question 46

This feedback system strengthens a change and must be shut down by an outside force.

Answer 46

Positive feedback systems

Question 47

What is a disorder?

Answer 47

An abnormality of structure or function

Question 48

What is a disease?

Answer 48

A specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms

Question 49

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Answer 49

Signs are observable or measurable changes. Examples are swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure, and paralysis. Symptoms are subjective changes that are not observable from the outside. Examples are pain, headache, nausea, and anxiety.

Question 50

It is a normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 50

Aging

Question 51

The precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body

Answer 51

Anatomical terms

Question 52

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 52

stands erect, facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward

Question 53

These are words that describe the position of one body relative to another

Answer 53

Directional terms

Question 54

Toward the head

Answer 54

Superior

Question 55

away from the head

Answer 55

Inferior

Question 56

away from the head

Answer 56

Inferior

Question 57

nearer to or at the front of the body

Answer 57

anterior or ventral

Question 58

nearer to or at the back of the body

Answer 58

posterior or dorsal

Question 59

nearer to the midline

Answer 59

medial

Question 60

farther from the midline

Answer 60

lateral

Question 61

between two structures

Answer 61

intermediate

Question 62

on the same side of the body as another structure

Answer 62

ipsilateral

Question 63

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Answer 63

contralateral

Question 64

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origin

Answer 64

proximal

Question 65

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origin

Answer 65

distal

Question 66

toward or on the surface of the body

Answer 66

superficial or external

Question 67

away from the surface of the body

Answer 67

deep or internal

Question 68

what are planes?

Answer 68

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

Question 69

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

Answer 69

sagittal plane

Question 70

a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

Answer 70

midsagittal plane or median plane

Question 71

divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

Answer 71

parasagittal plane

Question 72

divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Answer 72

frontal or coronal plane

Question 73

divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior options

Answer 73

transverse plane

Question 74

passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle

Answer 74

oblique plane

Question 75

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the plane

Answer 75

section

Question 76

these are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

Answer 76

body cavities

Question 77

cranial cavity

Answer 77

brain

Question 78

vertebral

Answer 78

spinal cord

Question 79

thoracic or chest cavity

Answer 79

pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal

Question 80

abdominopelvic

Answer 80

inferior to diaphragm

Question 81

How many quadrants and regions is the abdominal cavity divided into?

Answer 81

4 quadrants 9 regions

Question 82

pelvic cavity

Answer 82

urinary bladder, lower portion of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs

Question 83

these are located in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Answer 83

serous membranes

Question 84

what are the functions of serous membranes?

Answer 84

protect organs reduce friction

Question 85

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

Answer 85

visceral layer parietal layer

Question 86

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

Answer 86

visceral layer parietal layer

Question 87

this layer covers organs

Answer 87

visceral layer

Question 88

this lines cavities

Answer 88

parietal layer

Question 89

covers lungs and lines thorax

Answer 89

pleural

Question 90

covers heart, lines central part of thorax

Answer 90

pericardial

Question 91

covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 91

peritoneal

Question 92

contains the tongue and teeth

Answer 92

oral cavity

Question 93

body cavity in the nose

Answer 93

nasal cavity

Question 94

contains the eyeballs

Answer 94

orbital cavities or orbits

Question 95

contains small bones

Answer 95

middle ear cavities

Question 96

found in freely movable joints and contains synovial fluid

Answer 96

synovial cavity