Organization of the Human Body

Question 1

science of body structures and the relationships among them

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

the science of body functions–
how body parts work

Answer 2

physiology

Question 3

The first 8 weeks of
development following
fertilization of an egg

Answer 3

embryology

Question 4

what are the selected subspecialties of anatomy?

Answer 4

embryology
developmental biology
cell biology
surface anatomy
gross anatomy
systemic anatomy
neurophysiology
endocrinology
cardiovascular physiology
immunology
renal physiology
pathophysiology

Question 5

The complete
development of an
individual from
fertilization of an egg to
death

Answer 5

developmental biology

Question 6

Cellular structure and
functions

Answer 6

cell biology

Question 7

Surface markings of the
body to understand
internal anatomy
through visualization and
palpation

Answer 7

surface anatomy

Question 8

Structures that can be
examined without using
a microscope

Answer 8

gross anatomy

Question 9

Structure of specific
systems of the body such
as the nervous

Answer 9

systemic anatomy

Question 10

Functional properties of
nerve cells

Answer 10

neurophysiology

Question 11

Hormones and how they
control body functions

Answer 11

endocrinology

Question 12

Functions of the heart
and blood vessels

Answer 12

cardiovascular physiology

Question 13

How the body defends
itself against disease causing agents

Answer 13

immunology

Question 14

functions of the kidney

Answer 14

renal physiology

Question 15

Functional changes
associated with disease
and aging

Answer 15

pathophysiology

Question 16

what are the levels of structural organization?

Answer 16

1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. System Level
6. Organismal Level

Question 17

What are the organ systems of the human body?

Answer 17

Integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive

Question 18

Functions: protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make Vit D; and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and
cold.

Answer 18

integumentary system

Question 19

Functions: supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores
mineral and lipids

Answer 19

skeletal system

Question 20

Functions: Produces body movements such as walking; stabilizes body position; generates heat

Answer 20

muscular system

Question 21

Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes,
and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Answer 21

nervous system

Question 22

Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target
organ

Answer 22

endocrine system

Question 23

Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, water content; blood
components help defend against disease

Answer 23

cardiovascular system

Question 24

Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from GI tract to blood; include structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing
microbes mature and proliferate

Answer 24

lymphatic system

Question 25

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

Answer 25

respiratory system

Question 26

Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

Answer 26

digestive system

Question 27

Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

Answer 27

urinary system

Question 28

Functions: Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

Answer 28

reproductive system

Question 29

sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

Answer 29

metabolism

Question 30

breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Answer 30

catabolism

Question 31

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Answer 31

anabolism

Question 32

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

Answer 32

responsiveness

Question 33

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Answer 33

movements

Question 34

increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

Answer 34

growth

Question 35

is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Answer 35

differentiation

Question 36

refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual

Answer 36

reproduction

Question 37

Is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

Answer 37

homeostasis

Question 38

is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

Answer 38

feedback mechanism

Question 39

reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Answer 39

negative feedback

Question 40

strengthens or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled condition

Answer 40

positive feedback

Question 41

Description of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance called __________

Answer 41

anatomical position

Question 42

body is lying face down

Answer 42

prone position

Question 43

body is lying face up

Answer 43

supine position

Question 44

are used to describe the position of one body part relative to another

Answer 44

directional terms

Question 45

what are the directional terms?

Answer 45

superior inferior anterior posterior lateral medial intermediate ipsilateral contralateral proximal distal superficial deep

Question 46

Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure

Answer 46

superior

Question 47

Away from the head or the lower part of a structure

Answer 47

inferior

Question 48

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Answer 48

anterior

Question 49

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Answer 49

posterior

Question 50

Farther from the midline

Answer 50

lateral

Question 51

Nearer to the midline

Answer 51

medial

Question 52

Between two structures

Answer 52

intermediate

Question 53

On the same side of the body as another structure

Answer 53

ipsilateral

Question 54

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Answer 54

contralateral

Question 55

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Answer 55

proximal

Question 56

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the truck; farther from the origination of a structure

Answer 56

distal

Question 57

Toward or on the surface of the body

Answer 57

superficial

Question 58

Away from the surface of the body

Answer 58

deep

Question 59

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

Answer 59

planes

Question 60

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides; if midline

Answer 60

sagittal plane

Question 61

_____________ plane; if unequal sides - ____________

Answer 61

midsagittal, parasagittal

Question 62

divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

Answer 62

coronal or frontal plane

Question 63

divides the body or organ into superior or inferior portions

Answer 63

transverse plane or cross-sectional

Question 64

passes through the body or organ at an angle between a transverse and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane an frontal plane

Answer 64

oblique plane

Question 65

are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

Answer 65

body cavities