Organization of the Human Body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of the structure of the body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of the function of the body

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

illness or abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function normally

Question 4

Pathology

Answer 4

study of disease

Question 5

Organization - Chemical level

Answer 5

cells are composed of chemicals (eg water, proteins, fats, carbs)

Question 6

Organization - Cellular level

Answer 6

• smallest level considered alive
• different cell types carry out different functions
• eg epithelial cells form barrier in skin

Question 7

Organization - Tissue level

Answer 7

• tissues composed of groups of cells that work together to carry out a common function
• four types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
• eg epithelial tissue contains number of cell types such as ones that fill w/ tough keratin and others that lay down pigment

Question 8

Organization - Organs

Answer 8

• composed of groups of tissues working together to serve a common function
• eg epithelial tissue (epidermis) works w/ connective tissue (dermis) to form skin
• stomach composed of all four tissue types

Question 9

Organization - Systems

Answer 9

• organs that function together for the same general purpose
• eg integumentary system with skin, hair, glands, nails
• eg digestive system with stomach, liver, mouth, etc

Question 10

Organization - Body as a whole

Answer 10

organ systems working together to maintain the body

Question 11

Integumentary System (Dermatology)

Answer 11

• skin: superficial (outer) epidermis and deep dermis
• includes hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
• largest organ in body

Question 12

Skeletal System (Orthopedics/Rheumatology)

Answer 12

• includes bones & joints
• 206 bones
• framework of body; protects internal organs; attachment for muscles; site of blood cell formation; mineral storage - calcium, phosphate

Question 13

Muscular System (Orthopedics)

Answer 13

• includes skeletal muscles used for locomotion, posture, chewing, speech
• skeletal muscles also generate heat
• tendons attach muscles to bones
• electrically excitable and contractile

Question 14

Nervous System (Neurology)

Answer 14

• CNS: brain and spinal cord
• nerves: peripheral nervous system (sensory system - vision, olfactory, taste, touch, hearing)
• fast communication between cells and organs
• involves detection of a stimulus and determination of response

Question 15

Endocrine System (Endocrinology)

Answer 15

• glands which release hormones into blood
• hormones travel through body to target cells & tissues w/ specific receptors
• important for communication between cells & organs
• eg pituitary gland produces human grown hormone (stimulated growth of bone & other tissues)
• eg thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolic rate

Question 16

Cardiovascular System/Lymphatic System (Cardiology, Hematology, Immunology)

Answer 16

• heart, blood vessels, lymph nodes and vessels
• transport of gases, nutrients, wastes
• lymphatic system involved in immunity or resistance to disease

Question 17

Respiratory System (Respirology)

Answer 17

• pair of lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2
• passageways such as trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to transport air to & from lungs
• gas exchange at tiny air sacs called alveoli
• sheet of skeletal muscle called diaphragm involved in ventilation (moving air in & out of lungs)

Question 18

Digestive System (Gastroenterology)

Answer 18

• all organs involved in taking in food & converting to substances body uses
• teeth, tongue, salivary glands, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, colon, etc

Question 19

Urinary System (Nephrology/Urology)

Answer 19

• organs that filter wastes & maintain fluid balance & pH in body
• kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

Question 20

Reproductive System (Gynecology - Female/Urology - Male)

Answer 20

• production of gametes (eggs & sperm)
• production of sex hormones (testosterone M, estrogen/progesterone F)
• development of fetus
• internal and external sex organs (ovary, vagina, uterus/testes, glands, ducts, penis)

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

the sum of all of the chemical reactions occurring in the body - catabolism and anabolism

Question 22

Catabolism

Answer 22

breaking down of complex molecules (eg nutrients) into simpler compounds for use by the cells resulting in the formation of ATP (energy containing compound)

Question 23

Anabolism

Answer 23

manufacture of large complex molecules such as enzymes & structural proteins needed for growth, function and repair of tissues - requires energy int he form of ATP

Question 24

Homeostasis

Answer 24

a dynamic condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment (internal balance) produced by the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes

Question 25

Blood pressure

Answer 25

regulated by nervous system & endocrine system to stay near a set point (varies throughout day so is dynamic)

Question 26

Controlled Condition

Answer 26

each thing that is monitored in body (blood pressure, body temp, blood pH, blood CO2, blood glucose)

Question 27

Stimulus/Stressor

Answer 27

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Question 28

Negative Feedback System

Answer 28

Reverses the body condition returning to homeostasis

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

Regulates body temperature - if too high triggers sweat glands, too low triggers shivering of skeletal muscles

Question 30

Insulin

Answer 30

hormone that stimulates glucose uptake into cells so that blood glucose levels do not reach toxic levels for the brain

Question 31

Positive Feedback System

Answer 31

- a stimulus enhances the original condition - stimulus increases something & response increases further until outcome achieved - eg labour contractions (begin & PF mechanisms continue smooth muscle contractions until baby delivered) - eg blood clotting (vessel punctures, clotting process continues until damaged vessel sealed)

Question 32

Anatomical Position

Answer 32

Body in upright, standing position, face front, arms at sides, palms out, feet parallel - directional terms apply (don't if person is prone or supine or arms raised)

Question 33

Prone

Answer 33

lying on stomach

Question 34

Supine

Answer 34

lying on back

Question 35

Superior

Answer 35

(cephalic, cranial) | above; higher than; towards head; upper part

Question 36

Anterior

Answer 36

(ventral) | before; in front of; nearer to front

Question 37

Posterior

Answer 37

(dorsal) | towards rear; behind; back of body

Question 38

Medial

Answer 38

pertaining to middle; nearer to midline

Question 39

Lateral

Answer 39

pertaining to side; farther from midline

Question 40

Proximal

Answer 40

nearest the point of attachment; center of body or point of reference

Question 41

Distal

Answer 41

farthest from center, from medial line or from trunk

Question 42

Superficial

Answer 42

structure is nearer to the surface

Question 43

Deep

Answer 43

structure is farther from the surface

Question 44

Frontal plane

Answer 44

(coronal) | divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Question 45

Sagittal plane

Answer 45

divides the body into right and left (midsagittal equal right/left portions)

Question 46

Transverse

Answer 46

(cross sectional, horizontal) | divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 47

Tissue sections

Answer 47

- cross (or transverse) section, used for CT & MRI scans - longitudinal section - oblique section - all three used for tissue sectioning & viewing under microscope

Question 48

Body Cavities

Answer 48

- Dorsal cavity - cranial (brain) & vertebral (spine) cavities - Ventral cavity - thoracic (chest - heart & lungs) cavity, diaphragm (sheet of skeletal muscle dividing thoracic & abdominal cavities & important for changing pressures in these cavities helping with ventilation of the lungs & return of blood to heart, abdominopelvic (abdominal & pelvic cavities - stomach, liver, bladder, etc)

Question 49

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 49

(chest) - two pleural cavities containing lungs and one pericardial cavity containing heart - mediastinum (central region between two pleural cavities which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland and blood and lymphatic vessels)

Question 50

Abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 50

- subdivided into two regions based on location of structures - abdominal cavity (four quadrants, contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine) - pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine and reproductive organs)