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Psych 377 > Organization of the Motor System > Flashcards

Organization of the Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

initiating and producing movement requires the interaction of what from where?

A

information from the senses and entire brain

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2
Q

what is the role of the motor cortex in movement

A

to plan and initiate

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3
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement

A

to coordinzte

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4
Q

what is the spinal cords’ role in movement

A

to send information to the muscles

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5
Q

what is the sequential production of movement of grabbing a cup?

A

1) visual info required to locate target
2) frontal lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement
3) spinal cord carries info to hand
4) motor neurons carry message to muscles of the hand and forearm
5) sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying the cup has been grasped
6) spinal cord carries sensory information to brain
7) basal ganglia judge grasp forces, and cerebellum corrects movement errors
8) sensory cortex receives the message that the cup has been grasped

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6
Q

what brodmanns areas are given to the parietal cortex?

A

5 and 7

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7
Q

what is the role of the parietal cortex in initiating movement?

A

parietal cortex integrates information from the senses and initiates movements based on sensory information

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8
Q

what brodmanns areas are the prefrontal cortex?

A

9,10,11,45,46,47

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9
Q

what role does the prefrontal cortex have in initiating movement?

A

prefrontal cortex plans movements based on experiences, goals, and sensory input

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10
Q

what brodmanns area is the premotor cortex?

A

BA 6

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11
Q

what is the role of the pre motor cortex in initiating movement?

A

coordinates whole-body movements and organizes action sequences

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12
Q

what brodmanns area is the primary motor cortex?

A

BA 4

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13
Q

what is the role of the primary motor cortex in initiating movement?

A

produces simple movements, such as hand movements to use/manipulate tools

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14
Q

what are the 4 stages in initiating motor sequences?

A

parietal cortex sends goals –> prefrontal cortex plans–> premotor cortex sequences –> motor cortex executes actions

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15
Q

as movement complexity increases, __________ brain areas are _____ to coordinate the movement

A

additional, recruited

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16
Q

where does blood flood increase when participants tap their finger?

A

primary motor cortex and adjacent parietal cortex

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17
Q

where does blood flow increase when participants perform a motor sequence?

A

premotor cortex

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18
Q

where does blood flow increase when participants used a finger to navigate a maze?

A

prefrontal, temporal, parietal cortexes

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19
Q

electrical stimulation of which part of the brain triggered movements of different parts of the body?

A

precentral gyrus

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20
Q

stimulation to the cortex immediately ______ to the primary motor cortex also elicited movement

A

anterior

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21
Q

the motor homunculus is similar to what?

A

somatosensory homonculus

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22
Q

how is the body represented in the motor homonculus

A

upside down

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23
Q

where are the feet represented in the motor homonculus

A

central fissure

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24
Q

where is the head represented in the motor homunculus

A

near the inferior lateral surface

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25
Q

what areas of the body have the largest representations in the motor homunculus

A

mouth and hands, which are areas associated w fine motor control

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26
Q

which layer do modern techniques using microelectrodes penetrate to?

A

V

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27
Q

how many different possible homunculi are there in the motor cortex?

A

10

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28
Q

are all representations in the motor cortex mapped in the same way as the original example?

A

no

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29
Q

what do brief electrical stimulations produce?

A

movements of a specific body part

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30
Q

what types of behaviours do longer stimulations result in?

A

ethological behaviours

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31
Q

what are ethological behaviours

A

behaviors the animal might use in everyday activities

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32
Q

what are examples of ethological behaviours

A

defensive postures, hand to mouth, chewing, licking, hand in lower space, manipulate object in central space, reaching, climbing, leaping

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33
Q

what does a definition of an ethological movement include

A

the part of the body to be moved, the destination to which the movement is directed, and the function of the movement

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34
Q

organization of the homunculus is somewhat maintained by

A

the ethological movements

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35
Q

in terms of ethological movements, where are hand movements found in the homunculus

A

ventral

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36
Q

in terms of ethological movements, where are movements of hand to mouth found in the homunculus

A

most ventral

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37
Q

in terms of ethological movements, where are more complex whole body movements in the homunculus

A

premotor area

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38
Q

how can ethological movements be elicited?

A

stimulation of parietal cortex

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39
Q

stepping movements are triggered by

A

dorsal stimulation

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40
Q

hand movements are triggered by

A

ventral stimulation

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41
Q

movements evoked from parietal lobe map in a manner similar to those caused by what?

A

stimulation of the frontal lobe

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42
Q

mouth movements are triggered by

A

most ventral stimulation

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43
Q

what sort of sensory location about an object is needed to reach it successfully?

A

nature and locations

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44
Q

which movement is a developmental milestone for the first few months of life that gets refined over time?

A

pincer grip

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45
Q

damage to the cortical motor areas impair what?

A

the entire movement, not just the one part of the body or muscle that corresponds to the damage

46
Q

movements to replace the impaired movement are controlled by what?

A

an intact part of the cortex, such as a pincer grip being replaced by a whole hand grip

47
Q

evidence from stroke suggests that movements are encoded in

A

multiple areas of the cortex

48
Q

damage to the primary motor cortex produces what?

A

muscle weakness and impairs individual movements

49
Q

damage to the premotor cortex impairs what?

A

complex movemebts involving multiple body parts

50
Q

what seems to be the role of the neocortex and motor planning areas

A

to involve blending prelearned movements like walking or climbing

51
Q

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what demonstrates that there may be motor cortex participation in planning?

A

neural activity increasing before movement

52
Q

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what does the neural activity continuing throughout movement suggest?

A

motor cortex participation in execution

53
Q

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what does the fact that neural activity increases over a no-weight condition mean?

A

that motor cortex neurons code force of movement

54
Q

where are mirror neurons found

A

ventral premotor area

55
Q

when are mirror neurons active

A

both when an animal is performing a movement and when it is observing someone else making the same movement

56
Q

what types of mirror neurons are less specific and respond to broad classes of movements?

A

core mirror neurons

57
Q

where have additional mirror neurons been identified?

A

temporal and parietal lobes

58
Q

what does the basal ganglia include

A

caudate, pputamen, globus pallidus

59
Q

where does the basal ganglia receive input from

A

the cortex and substantia nigra in the midbrain

60
Q

what is the procedure of movement in the subcortical motor cortex

A

substantia nigra -> caudate -> thalamus -> cortex -> movement

61
Q

what sort of damage do hyperkinetic symptoms result from?

A

damage to caudate and putamen

62
Q

what are the dyskinesias involved in hyperkinetic disorders?

A

unwanted writhing and twitching movements

63
Q

name some examples of hyperkinetic disorders

A

huntington disease, tourettes

64
Q

how do hypokinetic symptoms come about?

A

result from loss of dopamine input from substantia nigra

65
Q

what are hypokinetic symptoms associated with?

A

difficulty making voluntary movements

66
Q

what is an example of a hypokinetic disorder

A

parkinsons

67
Q

what does the combination of hypokinetic symptoms and hyperkinetic symptoms suggest about the role of the basal ganglia?

A

that it serves to modulate movement

68
Q

where does the output of the interior portion of the globus pallidus (GPi) project to?

A

thalamus and motor cortex

69
Q

what happens if the predominant input to the GPi is inhibitory?

A

then the region fails to inhibit the thalamus, and movement occurs

70
Q

what happens if the predominant input to the GPi is excitatory?

A

then the GPi inhibits the thalamus, and movement is prevented

71
Q

decreasing activity in the GPI decreases what?

A

symptoms of parkinsons

72
Q

what is the direct pathway of regulating movement force within the cortex?

A

cortex to thalamus back to cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

73
Q

what is the indirect pathway of regulating movement force within the cortex?

A

putamen, Gp external, subthalamic nucleus, GPi

74
Q

what is the cerebellum important for?

A

acquiring and maintaining motor skills

75
Q

what does the cerebellum include?

A

two hemispheres and a small horizontal lobe called the flocculus

76
Q

describe the role of the flocculus

A

recieves info from the vestibular system and is involved in balance

77
Q

midline areas of the cerebellum control what

A

midline of the body

78
Q

lateral areas of the cerebellum are involved in what

A

movements of limbs and hands

79
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum in movement?

A

timing movements, monitoring movement accuracy

80
Q

damage to the cerebellum impairs what in terms of movement?

A

the ability to move at a regular rhythm and the ability to accurately perceive time

81
Q

when distortion goggles were removed, patients with an intact cerebellum threw ____________________________________________, but patients with cerebellar damage were ____

A

incorrectly at the target and had to compensate, on target and did not have to correct

82
Q

when the cortex sends a motor command to the spinal cord, where else does it send a copy

A

to the cerebellum

83
Q

what type of sensory info is sent to the cerebellum

A

from the muscles and the visual system

84
Q

how does the cerebellum go about adjusting movement?

A

compares the intention (motor output) with the results (the sensory input) and then generates a correction to achieve the desired results

85
Q

which part of the cortex sends a copy of movement instructions to the cerebellum

A

inferior olive

86
Q

where does the main motor pathway originate

A

in the motor cortex

87
Q

what sort of information do the spinal cord pathways provide?

A

input about balance and posture to refine the movement commanded by the cortex

88
Q

movements specified by the brainstem tend to be what?

A

coarse movements of the entire body

89
Q

what does electrical stimulation of thebrainstem areas produce

A

behaviours such as arched back and erect hair in a cat, or walking or running behaviours

90
Q

in terms of electrical stimulation of the brainstem, the timing of the behaviour depended on what

A

timing of the stimulation

91
Q

in terms of electrical stimulation of the brainstem, the intensity of behaviour was determined by what

A

the magnitude of the stimulation

92
Q

what is the role of the spinal cord in the chain of command to execute motion

A

the final pathway to convert motor plans into movements

93
Q

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts project from ____________ to ________

A

cortex to spinal cord

94
Q

what to corticobulbar tracts control?

A

facial movements

95
Q

what do corticospinal tracts influence

A

movement of the limbs, digits and body

96
Q

where to corticospinal tracts originate

A

somatosensory areas, cortex, and pre motor cortex

97
Q

where do corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate?

A

layer V of cortex

98
Q

where do approximately 95% of the descending motor pathways decussate on?

A

ventral surface of the brainstem, resulting in a bump called the pyramids

99
Q

what is true of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

it decussates and influences the movements of limbs and digits CONTRALATERAL to the hemisphere where the motor command originated

100
Q

what is true of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

it does not decussate and controls the movements of the trunk

101
Q

what does the lateral corticospinal tract move?

A

limbs and digits

102
Q

what does the anterior corticospinal tract move?

A

muscles in the body’s midline

103
Q

what structures provide the output connection between the nervous system and the muscles?

A

the motor neurons of the spinal cord

104
Q

where do neurons from the corticospinal tracts synapse?

A

on both interneurons and motor neurons

105
Q

what do lateral motor neurons influence

A

fingers and hand

106
Q

what do intermediate motor neurons control

A

limbs

107
Q

what do medial motor neurons control

A

the trunk

108
Q

muscles that control the limbs are arranged into _____, ___________ and ___________

A

pairs, flexors and extensors

109
Q

what do extensor muscles do

A

move limb away from trunk

110
Q

what do flexor muscles do

A

move limb toward the trunk

111
Q

what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

ach

Psych 377 (11 decks)

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