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Organization - paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water movement through a plant.

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2
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of food molecules through the phloem.

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3
Q

What is the role of the stomata and guard cells?

A

To control gas exchange and water loss.

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4
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

It has hairs on the outside to provide a larger surface area.

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5
Q

How are xylem cells adapted for their function?

A

It has lignin to create strong cell walls. It has no nucleus or internal structures.

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6
Q

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

Lots of mitochondria. Companion cells.

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7
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transport water up the plant from the roots.

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8
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports dissolved sugars up and down the plant.

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9
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

The rate of transpiration is faster in high temperatures, dry conditions, windy conditions, and high light intensity.

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10
Q

What is cancer?

A

The result of changes in cells that leads to uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

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11
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which is contained in one area within the body and will not invade other body parts.

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12
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours. Malignant tumour cells are cancers.

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13
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Anything that might increase the rate of disease.

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14
Q

What are the two types of risk factors?

A

Lifestyle: diet, alcohol, smoking. Substances in a person’s body or environment.

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15
Q

Name 4 risk factors.

A

Diet, smoking, alcohol, carcinogens.

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16
Q

What disease can obesity lead to?

A

Type 2 diabetes.

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17
Q

What are the effects of smoking?

A

Smoking has an impact on cardiovascular functions, risk of lung diseases, and unborn babies.

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18
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A

Alcohol has an impact on cardiovascular functions, risk of liver diseases, and unborn babies.

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19
Q

What disease can carcinogens lead to?

A

Cancer.

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20
Q

What can cause ill health?

A

Diseases, diet, stress, life situations.

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21
Q

How do defects in someone’s immune system affect a person?

A

They are more likely to suffer from an infectious disease.

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22
Q

What can trigger cancer?

A

Viruses living in cells.

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23
Q

What can trigger allergies?

A

Immune reactions caused by a pathogen.

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24
Q

What can physical ill health lead to?

A

Depression.

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25
What happens if a heart valve is faulty or leaky?
Faulty valves lead to a backflow of blood.
26
How can heart failure be treated?
With a biological heart transplant from a donor, or with an artificial heart.
27
What is health?
The state of physical and mental wellbeing.
28
What is the function of the epidermis?
Allows light through and prevents water loss.
29
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf. It is tightly packed and full of chloroplasts.
30
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?
Some photosynthesis happens and there is empty space for gas exchange.
31
Describe coronary heart disease.
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart.
32
What is a stent?
Placement of a mesh wire device to hold an artery open. It is used to treat CHD.
33
What is a statin?
Drugs that lower blood cholesterol which slows the rate of fatty acid deposition. It is used to treat CHD.
34
What is an artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. It has thicker muscle around it due to the higher pressure.
35
What is a capillary?
A blood vessel which exchanges substances. It is very small and its walls are one cell thick.
36
What is a vein?
A blood vessel that takes blood back into the heart. It has valves to prevent a backflow of blood.
37
What are the 4 components of blood and their functions?
- Plasma: allows blood to flow. - Red blood cells: disk shaped and has no nucleus to maximize the amount of hemoglobin it can carry. - White blood cells: Produce antibodies and antitoxins and do phagocytosis. - Platelets: blood clotting.
38
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange happens.
39
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.
40
What is a pacemaker?
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
41
What are artificial pacemakers?
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
42
How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?
The alveoli give the lungs a really big surface area. They have moist, thin walls, a good blood supply, and a steep concentration gradient.
43
What does the heart do?
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
44
Where are the coronary arteries?
They surround the outside of the heart.
45
What do carbohydrates break down into?
Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
46
What is amylase?
Amylase is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch.
47
What do proteins break down into?
Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.
48
What do lipids break down into?
Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
49
Where is bile made?
In the liver.
50
Where is bile stored?
Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
51
What is the function of bile?
It is alkaline to neutralize Hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets with larger surface areas.
52
Where is carbohydrase found in the body?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine.
53
Where is protease found in the body?
Stomach (pepsin), pancreas, small intestine.
54
Where is lipase found in the body?
Pancreas, small intestine.
55
What do digestive enzymes do?
Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
56
What are the products of digestion used for?
To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.
57
What is the lock and key model?
Enzymes are specific to the substrate they bind to.
58
What is the digestive system?
An organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
59
What is a cell?
The basic building block of all living organisms.
60
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
61
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
62
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to form an entire organism.
63
What are enzymes?
Enzymes catalyze specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.
64
What is the method for RPA4: Food tests?
1) grind a food sample into a paste with water and a pestle and mortar. 2) Transfer the paste to a beaker and add more water. 3) Filter the solution. (if testing for lipids do not filter) 4) Put 2cm cubed of the sample into a test tube and add the correct chemical.
65
How do you test for starch?
Add a drop of dilute iodine solution to the subject. If starch is present it will turn a 'blue-black' colour.
66
How do you test for glucose?
Add 10 drops of benedict's solution to the sample. Leave it in a water bath. A positive result will be between red, orange, or yellow.
67
How do you test for protein?
Add 2cm cubed of Biuret solution. A positive result is purple.
68
How do you test for lipids?
Add water and ethanol to food sample. If lipids are present it will turn cloudy.
69
What is the method for RPA5: The effect of pH on amylase?
1) place one drop of iodine into each well on a spotting tile. 2) put starch, amylase, and a solution of pH 5 into three separate test tubes. 3) put the test tubes in a water bath. 4) combine the three test tubes. 5) every 30 seconds, add a drop of iodine into the spotting tile.

Biology (4 decks)

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