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organizational behavior Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others; the measurable traits a person exhibits.

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2
Q

What methods are used to measure personality?

A

Methods include self-reporting surveys, observer-ratings surveys, and projection techniques.

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3
Q

What are personality traits?

A

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

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4
Q

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

A

A personality framework classifying people into 16 types based on 4 dichotomies (Extroverted/Introverted, Sensing/Intuitive, Thinking/Feeling, Judging/Perceiving).

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5
Q

What is the Big Five Model?

A

Five broad personality traits—Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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6
Q

What is core self-evaluation?

A

The degree to which people like or dislike themselves.

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7
Q

What is Machiavellianism?

A

A pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player who believes ends justify means.

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8
Q

What is narcissism?

A

An arrogant, entitled, self-important person who needs excessive admiration.

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9
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

The ability to adjust behavior to external, situational factors.

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10
Q

What is risk taking?

A

The willingness to take chances.

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11
Q

What characterizes a Type A personality?

A

Aggressively involved in a chronic struggle to achieve more in less time; impatient and multitasking.

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12
Q

What is a proactive personality?

A

Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres to completion.

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13
Q

What are values?

A

Basic convictions about how to conduct oneself or live a life that is personally or socially preferable.

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14
Q

What is a content attribute?

A

The importance of a mode of conduct or end-state.

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15
Q

What is an intensity attribute?

A

The degree of importance attached to that content.

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16
Q

What is a value system?

A

A person’s values ranked by intensity.

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17
Q

What are terminal values?

A

Desirable end-states of existence; goals a person would like to achieve.

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18
Q

What are instrumental values?

A

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving terminal values.

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19
Q

What is power distance?

A

The extent to which a society accepts unequal power distribution.

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20
Q

What is individualism vs. collectivism?

A

Preference for acting as individuals vs. as part of groups.

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21
Q

What is masculinity vs. femininity?

A

Value placed on achievement, power, and control vs. little differentiation between gender roles.

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22
Q

What is uncertainty avoidance?

A

The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertainty and ambiguity.

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23
Q

What is long-term vs. short-term orientation?

A

Emphasis on future rewards vs. tradition and immediate results.

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24
Q

What is indulgence vs. restraint?

A

Degree to which people are allowed to enjoy life and fulfill desires.

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25
What is perception?
The process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment.
26
What is attribution theory?
Explains how individuals interpret events and assign causes to behaviors (internal or external).
27
What is distinctiveness in attribution?
Does the person behave differently in different situations?
28
What is consensus in attribution?
Do others behave the same way in similar situations?
29
What is consistency in attribution?
Does the person respond the same way over time?
30
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal factors when judging others.
31
What is self-serving bias?
Attributing one’s own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
32
What is selective perception?
People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
33
What is the halo effect?
Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.
34
What is the contrast effect?
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics affected by comparisons with others recently encountered.
35
What is stereotyping?
Judging someone based on one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
36
What is a problem?
A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
37
What is a decision?
Making a choice from among two or more alternatives.
38
What is the rational decision-making model?
A systematic, six-step process for making decisions.
39
What is bounded rationality?
Making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems.
40
What is intuitive decision making?
An unconscious process created from distilled experience.
41
What is overconfidence bias?
Overestimating one’s own abilities or the accuracy of one’s predictions.
42
What is anchoring bias?
Relying too heavily on the first piece of information received.
43
What is confirmation bias?
Seeking out information that reaffirms past choices and discounting contradictory information.
44
What is availability bias?
Basing judgments on readily available information.
45
What is escalation of commitment?
Increasing commitment to a decision despite evidence that it may be wrong.
46
What is randomness error?
Believing that one can predict the outcome of random events.
47
What is risk aversion?
Preferring a sure thing over a risky outcome.
48
What is hindsight bias?
Believing, after an outcome is known, that it could have been predicted.
49
What is motivation?
The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
50
What is intensity in motivation?
How hard a person tries.
51
What is direction in motivation?
Effort channeled toward a beneficial goal.
52
What is persistence in motivation?
How long a person maintains effort.
53
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
Five hierarchical needs—Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization.
54
What is self-actualization?
Realizing one’s full potential.
55
What are lower-order needs?
Needs satisfied externally (physiological, safety).
56
What are higher-order needs?
Needs satisfied internally (social, esteem, self-actualization).
57
What is Theory X?
Managers believe employees dislike work, avoid responsibility, and lack ambition.
58
What is Theory Y?
Managers believe employees enjoy work, accept responsibility, and are self-directed.
59
What is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from hygiene factors (extrinsic) and motivators (intrinsic).
60
What are hygiene factors?
Extrinsic factors related to dissatisfaction (salary, work conditions, company policies).
61
What are motivators?
Intrinsic factors related to satisfaction (achievement, responsibility, growth).
62
What is David McClelland’s Theory of Needs?
Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Power.
63
What is cognitive evaluation theory?
Providing extrinsic rewards for intrinsically motivated behavior can decrease overall motivation.
64
What is self-efficacy?
An individual’s belief in their ability to complete a task.
65
What is reinforcement theory?
Behavior is a function of its consequences.
66
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior.
67
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior.
68
What is punishment?
Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
69
What is extinction?
Removing reinforcement to decrease behavior.
70
What is equity theory?
Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and respond to eliminate inequities.
71
What is a group?
Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who come together to achieve specific objectives.
72
What is a formal group?
Defined by the organization’s structure.
73
What is an informal group?
Not formally structured or organizationally determined.
74
What is a command group?
Determined by the organization chart.
75
What is a task group?
Individuals working together to complete a job task.
76
What is an interest group?
Members affiliate to attain a specific objective of shared interest.
77
What is a friendship group?
Members have one or more common characteristics.
78
What is the five-stage model of group development?
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.
79
What is a role?
Set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone in a given position.
80
What is role identity?
Attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role.
81
What is role perception?
How an individual believes they should act in a role.
82
What are role expectations?
How others believe a person should act in a role.
83
What is role conflict?
Occurs when an individual faces divergent role expectations.
84
What are norms?
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group, shared by members.
85
What are performance norms?
Expected levels of effort and output.
86
What is conformity?
Adjusting behavior to align with group norms.
87
What is deviant workplace behavior?
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms.
88
What is status?
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
89
What is social loafing?
Tendency for individuals to expend less effort in a group.
90
What is cohesiveness?
Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.
91
What is groupthink?
Deterioration of individual mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment as a result of group pressures.
92
What is groupshift?
Group discussions lead members to adopt more extreme positions than they would individually.
93
What is brainstorming?
Generating creative alternatives in a group.
94
What is the nominal group technique (NGT)?
Restricts discussion to encourage independent thinking.
95
What is a team?
A group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.
96
What are problem-solving teams?
Employees from the same department who meet to improve quality, efficiency, and work environment.
97
What are self-managed work teams?
Groups who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors.
98
What are cross-functional teams?
Employees from the same hierarchical level but different work areas who come together to accomplish a task.
99
What are virtual teams?
Teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members.
100
What is team efficacy?
The team’s collective belief in its capability to succeed.

Organizational Behavior (1 decks)

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