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Anatomy1 > Organs pt. 1: Nervous, circulatory, respiratory > Flashcards

Organs pt. 1: Nervous, circulatory, respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Main regions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spine
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other nerves in the body

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2
Q

Brain regions

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

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3
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla: regulates blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate
Pons: Coordinates signals w/ other parts of the brain
Cerebellum: balance/movement coordination
Part of brain stem

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4
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of Brain stem
Responsible for sleep/wake cycle, alertness and motor activity

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5
Q

Forebrain

A

Includes cerebrum which is split into left and right hemispheres
Depending on location, controls: speech, reasoning/thinking, senses, emotions.
Thalamus: sensory/motor information relay
Hypothalamus: control of endocrine system

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Sensory/afferent division: senses/sensory neurons, signals to CNS
Motor/efferent division: Muscles/movement, signals from CNS

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7
Q

Motor/efferent division

A

Autonomic NS: Involuntary movement
Somatic NS: Voluntary movement

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Sympathetic NS: Flight or flight response
Parasympathetic NS: Rest/digest

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9
Q

General Neuron Structure

A

Dendrites: Receives signal
Cell body/Soma
Axon: Signal travels
Axon terminal: Sends signal
Myelin Sheath (optional)

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10
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between Axon of one neuron and dendrites of another.
Action potential triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft is space between axon terminal (presynaptic terminals) and the dendrite (postsynaptic terminals)

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11
Q

Glial Cells

A

Helps neurons stay in place
Keep balance of chemicals between cells
Maintains Blood-brain barrier (prevents substance from getting into nervous system)
Make myelin
Produces cerebrospinal fluid
Immune functions
Astrocytes (anchor neurons to blood supply), microglial (immune defense), ependymal (cerebrospinal fluid creation), oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

Use to send signal along neurons (2 milliseconds)
Resting Potential: More negative than surroundings (~-70mv, Cl-, Na+, K-)
Sodium potassium pumps: Keep at rest (Sodium out positive, Potassium in negative), let sodium in to send signals (depolarization)

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13
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Assist in sending signals
Action potential jumps from node to node (space between sheaths)

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14
Q

Interneuron

A

Found in the CNS, they are multipolar and the most abundant type of neuron. They transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons.

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15
Q

PNS Glial cells

A

Satellite cells (astrocytes), Schwann cells (oligodendrocytes)

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16
Q

Neuron

A

Longest living cell, irreplaceable/amitotic
High metabolic rate, 25% of calories

17
Q

Neuron structure types

A

Multipolar (3 or more parts/processes) - 99%, Bipolar (2 parts/processes), Unipolar (1 part/process)

18
Q

Heart

A

Right atrium, Right ventricle (unoxygenated to lungs), Left atrium, left ventricle (oxygenated from lungs to body)

19
Q

Blood

A

Plasma (extra cellular matrix) 55% of blood
Cell types: 45%

20
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Heart to tissue, tissue to heart (after exiting left ventricle until it enters right atrium)

21
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Heart to lungs, lungs to heart (right ventricle until it enters left atrium)

22
Q

Veins

A

Blood to heart, largest to smallest: vena cava, veins, venules, capillaries

23
Q

Arteries

A

Blood away from heart, largest to smallest: aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries

24
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow for exchanges
Most organs have single system, some have portal system (2 consecutive systems), ex. brain, kidneys, small intestine)

25
Q

Circulation

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left/right pulmonary artery, arterials-capillaries (O2/CO2 exchange), venules, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending/descending aorta, veins-venules-capillaries, organs, venules-veins, superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium

26
Q

Plasma

A

(extra cellular matrix) 55% of blood (made of 95% of water)
Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobin), nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids), electrolytes (sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, ions), waste products (urea, lactic acid, CO2), hormones (ADH, aldosterone)

27
Q

Cell types in blood

A

RBC (erythrocytes): biconcave shape, no organelles, 280million hemoglobin (each carry 4 O2)
Leukocytes (immune cells): 1%, monocytes, granulocyte, mast cells, lymphocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets): ratio to rbc 1:10, no nucleus, clotting (endothelium)

28
Q

Lungs

A

Cilia: move out material to cough out or swallow
Maximize surface area (tenis court)
Alveoli sacs are covered with single layer of cells (simple squamous cells)
Surfactants: prevent surface tension of water (Alveolar type II cell)
Diaphragm: contract (air in), relax (air out)
Right lung (3 lobes, bigger), left lung (2 lobes, smaller, cardiac notch)

29
Q

CO2 transfer

A

Bicarbonate ion in plasma
Small amount in RBC/as CO2 in Plasma

30
Q

Respiration

A
  1. Nasal/oral cavity: Air is warmed, humidified and filtered (mucus/cilia)
  2. Pharynx (junction for food/air) (epiglottis)
  3. Larynx/voice box
  4. Trachea (c-rings of cartilage)
  5. Primary bronchus (bronchi plural)
  6. Secondary bronchus
  7. Tertiary bronchus
  8. Terminal Bronchiole
  9. Respiratory bronchiole
  10. Alveolar ducts (surrounded by alveolar sacs)
  11. Alveoli (alveolus singular)
    Intercostal muscles (between ribs), diaphragm, abdominal wall muscles
31
Q

Breathing signals

A

pH, increase of CO2=more acid/more acidic blood. Brain triggers breathing

32
Q

Alveoli cell wall

A

Epithelial cells (alveolus), basement membrane, endothelial cells (capillary)

33
Q

Alveoli function

A

Blood flows in through pulmonary arteriole to pulmonary capillary (exchange occurs), goes to heart from pulmonary venule

34
Q

Gas transfer

A

Pressure gradient causes exchange
Alveolar space: PO2= 105mmHg, PCO2= 40mmHg
Lumen: PO2= 40mmHg, PCO2= 45mmHg

Anatomy1 (10 decks)

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