Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards
(52 cards)
The structure of the body
Anatomy
Function of the body
Physiology
Processes that disturb normal function of the body
Pathophysiology
Hierarchy of the human body
(8 Levels)
Atoms link to form…
Molecules are organized into various structures, including…
Organelles, the metabolic units within a cell that perdorm a specific function necessary to the life of the cell….
Organelles are contained within a cell…
Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function are called tissues…
Tissues come together to form organs, which are structures of 2 or more tissues working together to carry out a particular function…
Organ Systems are groups of organs that all contribute to a particular function…
All of the organ systems together form a Human Organism.
How many types of tissues does the body contain?
The body contains four types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue covers or lines body surfaces; examples include the outer layer of the skin, the walls of capillaries, and kidney tubules.
Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body; some transport and store materials; examples include bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues.
Muscle contracts to produce movement; examples include skeletal muscles and the heart.
Nerve tissue generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function; examples include the brain and nerves.
How many Organ systems does the human body contain?
The human body consists of 11 organ systems. The organs of each system contribute to a particular function. However, some organs belong to more than one system.
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Integumentary system
Consists of skin, hair, and nails
Key functions:
* Protection
* Temperature
regulation
* Water retention
* Sensation
Skeletal system
Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Key functions:
* Protection of body organs
* Support
* Movement
* Blood formation
Muscular system
Consists primarily of skeletal muscles
Key functions:
* Movement
* Posture
* Heat production
Lymphatic system
Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, and tonsils
Key functions:
* Role in fluid
balance
* Production of
immune cells
* Defense against
disease
Respiratory system
Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Key functions:
* Absorption of
oxygen
* Discharge of
carbon dioxide
* Acid-base
balance
* Speech
Urinary system
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Key functions:
* Excretion of
wastes
* Regulation of
blood volume
and pressure
* Control of fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance
Nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Key functions:
* Control,
regulation, and coordination of other systems
* Sensation
* Memory
Endocrine system
Consists of the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs
Key functions:
* Hormone
production
* Control and
regulation of other systems
Circulatory system
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Key functions:
* Distribution of
oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies
* Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Digestive system
Consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas
Key functions:
* Breakdown and
absorption of
nutrients
* Elimination of
wastes
Male reproductive system
Consists of the testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis
Key functions:
* Production and
delivery of sperm
* Secretion of sex
hormones
Female reproductive system
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts
Key functions:
* Production of
eggs
* Site of fertilization
and fetal
development
* Birth
* Lactation
* Secretion of sex
hormones
Directional Terms (11)
Midline
Medial /Lateral
Distal/Proximal
Superior/Inferior
Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior (Dorsal)
Superficial/Deep
Midline
Middle of body (vertical)
Medial
Toward the body’s midline
Towards the midline
The ulna is medial to the radius
Lateral
Away from the body’s midline
Away from the midline
The radius is lateral to the ulna
Distal
Farthest from the point of origin
Furthest away from the point of reference
The shoulder joint is distal to the wrist joint
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin
Nearest to the point of reference
The wrist joint is proximal to the elbow joint
