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Plant Biology > Origin and Evolution of Plants > Flashcards

Origin and Evolution of Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of all plants

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Photoautotrophic
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2
Q

Classification

A
  1. non-vascular plants
  2. vascular plants
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3
Q

Non-vascular plants example

A
  • bryophytes - mosses
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4
Q

Vascular plants categories

A
  1. non-seed plants
  2. seed plants
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5
Q

non-seed plants example

A
  • ferns
  • horsetails
  • club mosses
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6
Q

seed plants example

A
  • cycads
  • ginkgo
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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7
Q

Plants require what?

A
  • water for fertilization
  • except seed plants
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8
Q

Who are dominant photosynthetic group?

A

Vascular plants

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9
Q

List timeline of Origin of plants

A
  1. prokaryotes (bacteria/archaeans)
  2. Photosynthesis –> prokaryotic cyanobacteria
    3.Organelles evolved –> DNA in nucleus
  3. Eukaryotes diversified
    some gain mitochondria, some gain chloroplasts
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10
Q

What was chloroplasts through?

A

endosymbiosis

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11
Q

Eukaryotes with mitochondria evolved. . .

A

protozoans
fungi
animals

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12
Q

Eukaryotes with mitochondria & chloroplasts evolved. . .

A

plants
algae

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13
Q

growing evidence

A

highly integrated organisms
- structure and metabolism
(impact rest of plant)

  • adaptation in one part –> change to another part
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14
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • plant collection of cells
  • cellular building blocks for development
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15
Q

Organismal Theory

A

-plant cells communicate, interact, and influence each other
- cellular subdivision
- based on plasmodesmata and symplast

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16
Q

What are Plasmodesmata (PD)?

A
  • key to development of multicellularity in plants
  • communication & interaction between adjacent plant cells within a plant
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17
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (grasses)?

A

PD

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18
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (Vascular)?

A

PD

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19
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (Bryophytes)?

A

PD

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20
Q

PD or no PD for zygnematales?

A

No PD

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21
Q

PD or no PD for Coleochaetales?

A

PD

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22
Q

PD or no PD for Charales?

A

PD

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23
Q

PD or no PD for Klebsormidiales?

A

no PD

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24
Q

PD or no PD for Chlorokybales?

A

no PD

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25
PD or no PD for mesostigmatales?
no PD
26
Influence of Plasmodesmata?
- cell differentiation - tissue formation - organogenesis - special physiological functions
27
examples of bryophytes
- liverworts - hornworts -mosses
28
Vascular plants
- seedless - seed
29
example Seedless vascular plants
-lycophytes - pterophytes
30
example of seed plants
- gymnosperms - angiosperms
31
Most diverse group
angiosperms = flowering plants
32
what do plants supply and use?
Supply O2 use CO2
33
provide to who?
animals on land
34
Stress - more temperature extremes Solution?
stomata controlled by guard cells
35
Stress - reduced water availability Solution?
- development of xylem, roots/rhizoids - presence of sporopollenin (in spores) - protected gametangia/gametes
36
Stress - greater nutrient availability Solution?
- development of xylem and phloem -seeds with food reserves - apical meristems
37
Stress - light fluctuation Solution?
- apical meristems/reinforced cell walls
38
Stress - influence of gravity Solution?
- lignified cells walls (lignin)
39
Stress - exposure to UV radiation Solution?
- have protective flavonoids/pigments - protected gametangia
40
Stress - higher evaporation rates (wind) with issues of desiccation Solution?
- develop waxy cuticle - stomata controlled by guard cells - rod-like-body - reduced SA/V ratio
41
How to examine traits of plants?
1. shared ancestral traits 2. shared derived traits
42
What is shared ancestral plants?
- common with ancestral organisms
43
What is shared derived traits?
- adaptations in terrestrial plants
44
What is common ancestor of group of algae?
Charophytes
45
Traits of shared ancestral?
1. synthesize similar photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) 2. store true starch in plastids 3. have motile cells with whip-lash flagella 4. have peroxisome enzymes 5. phragmoplast (in cell wall formation) 6. rosette complexes (for cellulose synthesis)
46
Ancestor to vascular plants ?
Coleochaete
47
Features of Coleochaete
1. synthesize similar photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) 2. store true starch in plastids 3. have motile cells with whip-lash flagella 4. have peroxisome enzymes 5. have phragmoplast have rosette complexes fro cellulose synthesis 6. develops from a zygotee - cell division occur while in gametophyte thallus 7. has sporopollenin in cell wall of zygote 8. lignin in zygote cell wall
48
What is vascular plant ancestor?
Aglaophyton major
49
Aglaophyton major describe (3)
- small plant - dichotomous upright axes from rhizomes - terminal paires sporangia
50
Evidence of support Aglaophyton major
- branching pattern - conducting system but lack tracheary elements (xylem) and sieve elements (phloem) - produce spores with sporopollenin in cell walls - waxy cuticle - epidermal stomata - features resembling mosses - features resembling ferns
51
What are features that resembling mosses for Aglaophyton major?
1. xylem-like cells resembled hydroids (water-conducting cells) 2. phloem-like cells analogous to leptoids (photosynthate-conducting cells)
52
What are features that resembling ferns for Aglaophyton major?
with sporophyte as dominant stage in life cycle
53
5 key traits except in charophytes
1. alternation of generations (haploid and diploid stages) 2. development of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) 3. evolution of seeds and pollen (multicellular and dependent embryos) 4. evolution of flowers (sporophyte with protected gametes and seeds) 5. apical meristems (growth of roots and shoots)
54
What is alternation of generations?
- changes in 2 multicellular stages - gametophyte and sporophyte - for adaptibility, survival, reproduction
55
What is green alga life cycle
1. multicellular alga 2. mitosis 3. gametes 4. fertilization 5. zygote 6. meiosis 7. haploid cells 8. mitosis
56
What is plant life cycle?
1. multicellular gametophytes 2. mitosis 3. gametes 4. fertilization 5. zygote 6. multicellular sporophyte 7. meiosis 8. spores 9. mitosis
57
what is the evolutionary trend for alternation of generations?
- reduce gametophyte size - increase sporophyte size
58
plants that lack vascular tissue are?
nonvascular plants
59
plants have vascular tissue are?
vascular plants
60
what are xylem for?
water
61
what are phloem for?
sugars
62
the benefits of vascular plants ?
- competitive over non-vascular plants - grow taller - stay hydrated longer -less water dependence
63
what is evolution of pollen from?
male gametophytes - gametophyte retained within larger sporophyte
64
What happens during evolution of pollen and seeds?
1. male gametophytes packaged into pollen 2. pollen deliver to female gametophyte of another plant - by air - transport by animal 3. meiosis --> produce haploid microspores 4. mitosis --> produce haploid pollen grains
65
What does meiosis produces?
haploid microspores
66
mitosis produces what?
haploid pollen grains
67
What is evolution of seeds?
embryos of gymnosperms/angiosperms
68
when does evolution of seeds happen?
form after fertilization of egg by sperm (pollen) in ovary (female gametophyte)
69
What do the seeds contain?
food for developing embryo
70
Seed characteristics
- protected from dehydration -adaptations to aid in dispersal (by wind/animals)
71
where are mature seeds founds in?
- fruits, nuts, simple seeds
72
What does the angiosperms flower contain?
organs for sexual reproduction - male gametophyte and female gametophyte
73
What are the male gametophyte?
pollen
74
Where are the pollen from?
-male gametes (sperm) in pollen grains - from microspores in anthers
75
What is the female gametophyte
ovule
76
What happens in the female gametophyte?
-female gametes arise from megaspores from ovary
77
what happens fertilization of eggs by sperm?
- seeds - (endosperm) contain sporophyte embryo and food
78
What happens in the life cycle of angiosperms?
Meiosis within anther 1. spores 2. male gametophyte --> pollen 3. mitosis 4. gametes --> sperm 5. fertilization 6. sporophyte mitosis 7. mature sporophyte Meiosis within ovary 1. spores 2. female gametophyte --> ovule 3. mitosis 4. gametes --> egg 5. fertilization 6. sporophyte mitosis 7. mature sporophyte
79
What does presence of apical meristems do?
- allow vertical growth at shoot and root tips - growth to acquire nutrients, water and light
80
what does the cells from the apical meristems do?
differentiate into various tissues
81
Fertilization and Dispersal for other green algae
F: water; D: water
82
Fertilization and Dispersal for liverworts
F: water (sperm) D: Air (spores)
83
Fertilization and Dispersal for green algae
F: water; D: water
84
Fertilization and Dispersal for mosses
F: water (sperm) D: Air (spores)
85
Fertilization and Dispersal for hornworts
F: Water (sperm) D: Air (Spores)
86
Fertilization and dispersal for lycophytes
F: Water (sperm) D: Air (Spores)
87
Fertilization and dispersal of ferns and horsetails
F: Water (sperms) D: Air (spores)
88
Fertilization and dispersal for gymnosperms
F: Air (pollen) D: Air (Seeds)
89
Fertilization and dispersal for angiosperms
F: Air (pollen) D: Air (seeds)

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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