OROPHARYNX + OESOPHAGUS Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the clinical signs of masticatory muscle myositis?
- dysphagia
- difficulty masticating
- swollen/painful masticatory muscle
What causes masticatory muscle myositis?
Autoimmune idiopathic condition against 2M muscle fibres of masticatory muscles
How would you diagnose masticatory muscle myositis?
-antibody titre for 2M fibres (specific for masticatory muscles)
-biopsy of temporalis/masseter muscle
ANALGESIA UNTIL RESULTS
How is masticatory muscle myositis treated?
Immunosuppressive drugs (care as steroids can cause muscle wastage in large breed dogs)
What causes cricopharyngeal achalasia?
Lack of coordination of pharynx w/ food bolus - no relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter @ cricopharyngeal muscle. Congenital (Golden Retrievers)
What are the clinical signs of cricopharyngeal achalasia?
- dysphagia
- aspiration
- pharyngeal regurgitation
- exaggerated swallow
How is cricopharyngeal achalasia diagnosed + treated?
DIAGNOSIS = fluoroscopic exam during barium swallow
TREATMENT: -feeding tubes (long term nutritional supplementation)
-injection of botulinum toxin into cricopharyngeal muscle
-myotomy of cricopharyngeal muscle (if sphincter doesn’t open at all)
What are the clinical signs of megaoesophagus?
- regurgitation
- aspiration pneumonia
- weight loss
What is megaoesophasus and how is it caused?
=chronic dilation + atony of oesophageal body
Either congenital or acquired (underlying myopathy/neuropathy/junctionopathy, lead toxicity, tetanus, botulism)
How is megaoesphagus diagnosed?
- thoracic rads-> generalised/focal oesophageal dilation (+oesophageal dilation)
- oesophagram
- screen for underlying disease
How would you treat megaoesophagus?
Congenital (young dogs)-> no def. treatment, cisapride
Acquired -> treat underlying disease + cisapride
What causes oesophagitis?
=inflam of oesophageal mucosa secondary to something ingested or disease causing persistent V+, reflux or increased gastric acidity
What are the clinical signs of oesophagitis?
- cough
- regurgitation
- anorexia
- increased salivation
How is oesophagitis treated?
- cisapride (stops reflux)
- sucralfate (protects oeosphageal mucosa)
- protein pump inhibitor (reduces acid production)
What is the cause of hiatal hernia?
Congenital/traumatic/condition increasing abdom pressure causes abnormality of diaphragm -> prolapse of stomach cardiac region into thorax
What are the clinical signs and treatment of hiatal hernia?
CLIN SIGNS: cough + regurgitation
TREATMENT: -surgery if young patient
-cisapride, sulfacrate, protein pump inhibitors
What is vascular ring anomaly?
=congenital persistent r. aortic arch -> form ring around trachea + oesophagus
What are the clinical signs of vascular ring anomaly, how is it diagnosed and treated?
CLIN SIGNS: regurgitation + aspiration pneumonia
DIAGNOSIS: thoracic rads w/ barium -> cranial oesophageal dilation w/ norm caudal oesophagus
TREATMENT: surgical resection of abnorm vessels
What causes dysautonomia? What are the clinical signs?
=loss of autonomic nervous system function (mostly cats) CLIN SIGNS: -mydriasis -regurgitation -V+ -dry MM -anorexia/weight loss -distended bladder -constipation/dysuria
How is dysautonomia diagnosed and treated?
DIAGNOSIS: coin signs, rads -> dilated intestines, pilocarpine admin to eye -> misosis, histopath of autonomic ganglia
TREATMENT = palliative
What is the cause of oesophageal strictures?
Fibrous band of tissue causing narrowing of oesophagus, secondary to anything causing mucosal damage e.g.. drugs, reflex, FBs
What are the clinical signs of oesophageal stricture and how is it treated?
CLIN SIGNS: regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
TREATMENT: dilation of stricture with multiple balloon dilations several days apart until the clin signs are manageable, liquidised bland diet, feeding tube for nutritional support if severe
What are the clinical signs for an oesophageal foreign body?
Regurgitation, anorexia, hypersalivation
How could you treat an oesophageal foreign body?
Endoscopic removal ASAP! If chronic FB/oesophageal perforation -> thoracotomy w/ oesophageal resection + anastomosis (w/ PPIs + sucralfate to prevent oesophageal stricture)
