Ortho facts

Question 1

What structures run through the tarsal canal?

Answer 1

flexor hallicis longus muscle, saphenous a/v, medial and lateral plantar n.

Question 2

Tarsal standing angle of dog and cat

Answer 2

Dog 135-145
Cat 115-125

Question 3

ROM tarsus dog and cat (angles of flexion and extension)

Answer 3

dog: 39* flexion, 164* extension
cat: 22* flexion, 167* extension

Question 4

What are the types of tarsal fractures?

Answer 4

Type I: Nondisplaced dorsal slab fracture
Type II: Displaced dorsal slab fracture
Type III: Large displaced medial fragment
Type IV: Medial slab fracture with a dorsal slab fracture
Type V: Comminuted fracture

Question 5

What are the components of the common calcaneal tendon?

Answer 5

Gastroc tendon
Common tendon of gracilis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus
SDFT

Question 6

What is the name of the instrument to measure limb or body circumference?

Answer 6

Gulick tape measure. The device at the end of the tape measure has a consistent amount of tension that is applied to improve accuracy and consistency

Question 7

Amelia

Answer 7

a type of dysostoses (abnormal development of individual bone or part of bone). Congenital absence of one or more bone. Monobrachia or abrachia - missing one or both forelimbs. Monopodia or apodia - missing one or both hindlimbs. May be heritable in Beagles

Question 8

Osteochondrodysplasia

Answer 8

a disease of the endochondral or intramembranous ossification. ex. include Beagle and mini poodle with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia or mucopolysaccharidosis or osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 9

Hemimelia

Answer 9

A type of dysostoses with the complete or partial absence of one or more bones. If all or some of the bones of a limb are absent distal to a certain point = terminal hemimelia. If all or some of the bones of a limb are absent with the bones proximal and distal to the defect then it is intercalary hemimelia.

Question 10

Transverse vs longitudinal hemimelia

Answer 10

transverse hemimelia - complete absence of one or more bones across a limb’s width vs longitudinal hemimelia - absence of one or more bones along the medial (preaxial) or lateral (post axial) side of a limb

Question 11

Are there any known hereditary hemimelias?

Answer 11

Chihuahuas have autosomal recessive bilateral terminal preaxial thoracic limb hemimelia. Radial hemimelia in Siamese and DSH

Question 12

Dimelia

Answer 12

congenital duplication of the whole or part of a limb. Can amputate the non functional portion

Question 13

Ectrodactyly

Answer 13

congenital digital cleft formation extending between the metacarpal bones. “lobster claw”. In cats, may be autosomal dominant defect. Carpal bones may be hypoplastic or missing or the ulna might be short or luxated. Early splinting to help prevent muscle contracture but may eventually need surgery

Question 14

polydactyly

Answer 14

one more more extra digits. Preaxial on medial and post axial on lateral sides. usually not of significance. Inherited like in Saint Bernards with preaxial pelvic limb polydactylism

Question 15

syndactyly

Answer 15

congenital lack of differentiation between two or more digits. Simple (interconnection between adjacent digits on the dorsal surface only skin and fibrous tissue), complex (both soft tissue and bones are fused). Also can be complete (digits connected through entire length P1 to P3) or incomplete (digits only partially connected through digit length)

Question 16

complicated vs uncomplicated complex syndactyly

Answer 16

complicated is usually associated with other defects

Question 17

Craniomandibular osteopathy

Answer 17

uni or bilateral symmetric irregular osseous proliferations of mostly the mandibles and/or tympanic bulla. Osteoclastic resorption of lamellar bone is followed by presence of primitive bone that expands beyond the periosteum of the affected bone. Normal bone gets replaced by highly vascular fibrous type stroma. “lion jaw” or “scotty jaw” or “westie jaw”

Question 18

Hypertrophic osteopathy

Answer 18

periosteal reaction of the distal extremities thought to be secondary manifestation of a pulmonary primary or metastatic neoplasia. But has also been seen in abdominal neoplasia and non neoplastic pulmonary disease. May see palisade formation

Question 19

Criteria for DISH (disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)

Answer 19

Must have four of five criteria:
1. continuous or flowing calcification and ossification of at least 3 contiguous vertebral bodies along the ventral and lateral aspects
2. relative preservation of intervertebral disc width in volved areas and absence of extensive radiographic evidence of degenerative disc disease
3. periarticular osteophytes surrounding the zygapophyseal joints
4. formation of pseudoarthrosis between the bases of spinous processes
5. periarticular osteophytes and calcification and ossification of soft tissue attachments in both axial and peripheral skeleton

Question 20

acute caudal myopathy

Answer 20

limber tail/limp tail/rudder tail/frozen tail
Usually dx with signs and history but can see decreased tail temp, increased tech99 in tail, T1 MRI increased signal in tail, abnormal spontaneous electrical activity restricted to the coccygeal muscles

Question 21

rupture of the long head of the triceps brachii

Answer 21

avulsion of the origin of the long head of the triceps - racing greyhounds. A depression is present caudal and distal to the scapula. Conservative management may be sufficient for non racers, otherwise can be surgically reattached

Question 22

avulsion of the triceps brachii tendon of insertion

Answer 22

results in severe thoracic limb disability. The insertion should be reattached to the olecranon surgically

Question 23

rupture of the serratus ventralis muscle

Answer 23

dramatic dorsal displacement of the scapula. Both repair and conservative management have good outcomes

Question 24

rupture of the gracilis muscle

Answer 24

Racing injury in greyhounds, GSH, foxhounds. Can occur at musculotendinous junction or origin or insertion. Clinically will see large hematoma or depression in medial thigh. Surgical repair rec’d

Question 25

Testing for iliopsoas and pectineus muscle strain

Answer 25

acute or chronic lameness. Flex the hip then simultaneously extend and internally rotate to check for pain. Treat conservatively but if it fails, can do tenectomy of the iliopsoas insertion

Question 26

Infraspinatus muscle contracture

Answer 26

usually unilateral. Medium working or athletic dogs. Transient thoracic limb lameness 4-6 weeks before onset of physical signs of contracture. Circumduction of the affected thoracic limb as it is advanced with a carpal flip. Usually not painful. Surgery is tx of choice to cut tendon of insertion of infraspinatus

Question 27

quadriceps femoris contracture

Answer 27

either following injury like femur fracture or may be congenital problem (usually bilateral then). Leg held straight with stifle and tarsocrural joints extended. Sx usually ineffective. Typical outcome is amputation

Question 28

gracilis and semi tendinosus muscle contracture

Answer 28

GSH, usually 3-7 years old. Gait abnormality in which the affected leg is raised in a jerk like fashion with hyperflexion of the tarsocrural joint and internal rotation of the metatarsus. Non painful. Conservative tx rec’d because almost all still occur after sx anyway

Question 29

myositis ossificans

Answer 29

heterotrophic bone formation that likely forms after trauma. Occurs in many breeds and patients with von Willebrand disease may have higher incidence. Hip predilection. May or may not have lameness. Surgical removal of the lesion is rec’d but recurrence is common

Question 30

severed digital flexor tendon injury

Answer 30

usually from a deep laceration. Tendons need individual repair. Make sure you grab the deep tendon and not just the superficial. Elevated toe? If deep DFT not repaired, patient will wallk too much on the metarsal/carpal pad and develop sore on the main paw pad

Question 31

avulsion of the tendon of origin of the long digital flexor tendon.

Answer 31

May see acute onset lameness or chronic. swelling localized to area of the tendon. Rads may show a calcified mass in the joint adjacent to a defect at the point of origin of the Long digital extensor tendon. sx to reattach the avulsed fragment of bone with a small screw in lab fashion

Question 32

What is the best view for identifying OCD on the trochlea of the humeral condyle

Answer 32

the best oblique view for trochlea of the medial condyle without superimposition of the ulna is a craniolateral caudomedial oblique. It is also the best view for ID a FMCP but only 62% accuracy

Question 33

What should be tested for prior to a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta in a juvenile animal?

Answer 33

diet checked, ionized calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone -if all in normal ranges then consider osteogenesis imperfecta. May see defects in collagen on biopsy