Orthopaedics Flashcards
(52 cards)
What are the common shoulder conditions associated with these age groups?
1. 20s-30s
2. 30s-40s
3. >40 years old
4. >40 years old
- Instability- 20s-30s
- Impingement Syndrome- 30s-40s
- Frozen Shoulder >40- stiffness ‘frozen’
- Rotator Cuff Injury >40s ‘weakness’
What are the x4 main Rotator Cuff muscles?
(*SITS)
supraspinatous- abduction of the shoulder
infraspinatus- lateral rotation
Teres Minor- laterally rotates the arm
Subscapularis- medially rotates the arm
What is the innervation of each rotator cuff muscle?
supraspinatous- suprasca pular nerve
infraspinatous- supra scapular nerve
teres minor- axillary
subscapularis- sub scapular nerve
What are the x2 main features which differentiates:
a) frozen shoulder
b) rotator cuff tear
frozen shoulder- stiffness on external rotation
impingement syndrome- weakness
What is the classical symptom of frozen shoulder?
-stiffness on external rotation
Osteomyelitis
a) what is the most common organism
b) what is the most common causative organism in patient with sickle cell anaemia
- Most common bacteria cause- staph.a
- Sickle Cell Anaemia- Salmonella (*buzzword)
What is the gold standard investigation of Osteomyelitis?
Investigations:
Gold standard diagnostic- MRI Scan
What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation
Types:
* Anterior- more than 90%
* Posterior- less common
What are the most common causes of anterior and posterior shoulder dislocation?
Anterior: (most common)
-arm forced backwards and is abducted and extended at the shoulder
Posterior:
-seizures
-electric shocks
What is the most common type of nerve damage associated with shoulder dislocation?
Nerve Damage:
-Shoulder dislocation- axillary nerve
What are the most common risk factors associated with osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis: Risk Factors
* Smoker
* Low BMI
* Drinks >14 units of alcohol per week
* History of falls
* Previous frailty fracture
What are the indications in females and males where osteoporosis risk assessment should be carried out?
Risk Assessment should be automatically carried out in females >65 years and males >75 years old.
Risk Assessment should also be carried out if younger patients have risk factors
What nerve is damaged associated with hip dislocation?
sciatic- L4-S3
When should a DEXA scan automatically be carried out
50 years old with history of a fragility fracture
<40 years old and has major risk of fragility fracture
What is the important rule to know when treating osteoperosis?
MUST treat calcium and vitamin D deficiency before giving biphosphonates
What x2 scoring systems determines whether a DEXA scan is required
FRAX Score- orange or red
QFracture Risk > 10%
What is the management of these types of ankle fractures?
a) Weber A
b) Weber B
c) Weber C
Weber A- (Very stable)-Walking cast or splint for 6 weeks
Weber B- (Quite unstable)- Below the knee cast including the midfoot
Weber C-Very unstable (talar shift and medial malleolar involvement)- ORIF-plates and screws
unstable (talar shift and medial malleolar involvement) indicates what type of ankle fracture?
Weber C- ORIF
What is the most common ligament damaged in a lateral ankle sprain?
The anterior talofibular ligament
(LATERAL ankle sprains most common caused by inversion of the foot)
What are the X2 main muscles involved in De Quervains Tensosynovitis?
This sheath includes; pollciis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons.
- ‘locking of the knee’
- Instability or knee giving way
These are buzzwords for?
Meniscal tears
What do these tests indicate
* Steinmans
* Mcmurray test- knee at right degree angle
(*buzzwords)
Meniscal tear
‘popping sound of the knee in injury’ is associated with
ACL rupture
What is the 1st line management of scaphoid fracture?
b) X-Ray does not show evidence of a fracture, what are your next steps
Management:
1st line- futoro splint or below the elbow backslab
Follow up:
1st line- if X-Ray not show anything- but in splint and re-arrange further X-ray in 7 days time
