Orthopaedics

Question 1

Nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 1

Radial n.

Question 2

Nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the arm

What muscles are included in this compartment? (3)

Answer 2

Musculocutaneous n.

Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

Brachialis

Question 3

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, superficial layer (with nerve supply)

Answer 3

Pronator teres (median n.)

Flexor carpi radialis (median n.)

Palmaris longus (median n.)

Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar n.)

Question 4

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, intermediate layer (with nerve supply)

Answer 4

Flexor digitorum superficialis (median n.)

Question 5

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, deep layer (with nerve supply)

Answer 5

Flexor pollicis longus (median n.)

Flexor digitorum profundus (median n.)

Pronator quadratus (median n.)

Question 6

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm, superficial layer (with nerve supply)

Answer 6

Brachioradialis (radial n.)

Anconeus (radial n.)

Extensor carpi radialis longus (radial n.)

Extensor carpi radialis brevis (radial n.)

Extensor digitorum (radial n.)

Extensor carpi ulnaris (radial n.)

Extensor digiti minimi (radial n.)

Question 7

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm, deep layer (with nerve supply)

Answer 7

Supinator

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor indicis

Question 8

Muscles of the thenar eminence

What nerve supplies these muscles?

Answer 8

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicis brevis

All supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve

Question 9

Muscles of the hypothenar eminence

What nerve supplies these muscles?

Answer 9

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Opponens digiti minimi

Supplied by deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Question 10

The lateral 2 lumbricals are supplied by the ____ nerve

The medial 2 lumbricals are supplied by the ____ nerve

Answer 10

Lateral 2 - median nerve

Medial 2 - ulnar nerve

Question 11

What action do the dorsal interossei allow?

What action do the palmar interossei allow?

Answer 11

dorsal interossei - ABduction of digits

palmar interossei - ADduction of digits

DAB PAD

Question 12

Where does the radial nerve supply skin sensation to on the hand?

Answer 12

Lateral half of back of the hand

Thumb, index, middle and lateral 1/2 of ring finger up until the PIP

Anatomical snuffbox

Question 13

Where does the median nerve supply skin sensation to on the hand?

Answer 13

Thumb tip

Index, middle and lateral 1/2 of ring finger after the PIP

Lateral half of palm of hand (thenar eminence)

Question 14

Where does the ulnar nerve supply skin sensation to on the hand?

Answer 14

Medial half of palm (hypothenar eminence)

Medial 1/2 of ring finger and pinkie finger

Question 15

Which spinal nerves innervate the skin of the hand?

Answer 15

C6 - thumb and half of index finger

C7 - 1/2 of index finger, middle finger and 1/2 of ring finger

C8 - 1/2 of ring finger and pinkie

Question 16

How many structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

What are they?

Answer 16

10

Flexor digitorum profundus x4

Flexor digitorum superficialis x4

Flexor pollicis longus

Median n.

Question 17

Muscles of the gluteal region - superficial layer (with nerve supplies)

Answer 17

Gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal n.)

Gluteus medius (superior gluteal n.)

Gluteus minimus (superior gluteal n.​)

Tensor fascia latae (superior gluteal n.​)

Question 18

What are the functions of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 18

Extensors, ABductors and medial rotators of the thigh

Question 19

Muscles of the gluteal region - deep layer (with nerve supplies)

Answer 19

Piriformis

Obturator internus (sits in between the two gemelli)

Superior and inferior gemelli

Quadratus femoris

All supplied by nerves from the sacral plexus

Question 20

What are the functions of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 20

Lateral rotators of the thigh

Hip stabilisers

Question 21

What structure is usually the most lateral leaving the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 21

The sciatic nerve

Question 22

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 22

L4-S3

Question 23

From lateral to medial, what are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 23

Femoral Nerve

Femoral Artery

Femoral Vein

Lymphatics

“NAVL”

Question 24

How many compartments does the thigh have?

How many compartments does the leg have?

Answer 24

Thigh - 3 compartments

leg - 3 compartments

Question 25

Anterior compartment of thigh - muscles (4) and nerve supply

Answer 25

Pectineus (thigh flexor) Iliopsoas (thigh flexor) Sartorius (thigh flexor) Quadriceps femoris (extensor of leg) All are **femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)** EXCEPT psoas major, which is L1, 2, 3

Question 26

Medial compartment of thigh - muscles (5) and nerve supply

Answer 26

Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus All **Obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)**, except the hamstring part of adductor magnus which is the **tibial nerve**

Question 27

Posterior compartment of leg - muscles (3) and nerve supply

Answer 27

Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris All are supplied by the **tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)** Except the short head of biceps femoris, which is supplied by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Question 28

Anterior compartment of the leg - muscles (4) and nerve supply

Answer 28

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius All supplied by the **deep fibular nerve** (L4, L5)

Question 29

Lateral compartment of the leg - muscles (2) and nerve supply

Answer 29

Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Both supplied by the **superficial fibular nerve**

Question 30

Posterior compartment of the leg - muscles (superficial, 3 and deep, 4) and nerve supply

Answer 30

Superficial - gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris Deep - popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior All supplied by the **tibial nerve**

Question 31

Describe the blood supply to the hip joint

Answer 31

**Medial** and **lateral circumflex arteries** - usually from the **deep (profunda) femoral artery** **Artery to the head of the femur** (within the ligamentum teres) - branch of the **obturator artery**

Question 32

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 32

Lots of fat, making it spongy Terminal small saphenous vein (draining into the popliteal vein) Popliteal vessels Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

Question 33

The ankle jerk reflex tests what tendon and nerve roots?

Answer 33

Tests the calcaneal tendon a.k.a. the achilles tendon Tests the **S1, S2 nerve roots**

Question 34

The knee jerk tests which spinal nerve roots?

Answer 34

**L3 and L4**

Question 35

The brachioradialis/biceps tendon jerk tests which nerve roots?

Answer 35

**C5 and C6**

Question 36

The triceps jerk reflex tests which nerve roots?

Answer 36

**C7 and C8**