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OS III, Ex II somatosensory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?

A

Give info from outside world to CNS

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2
Q

How do we feel our bodies based on sensation?

A

we feel our body pre reflectively from the inside as an object of direct perception.

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3
Q

How can we reflect on our bodies?

A

direct perception from the inside and congnitively from the outside as an object

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4
Q

somatic sennsation?

A

conciousness of stimiuli on somatic receptors

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5
Q

somatic perception?

A

interpretation of somatic objects and events plus ones own body into a picture of world

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6
Q

Somatic representation

A

abstract knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about ones own body

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7
Q

What are the 4 attributes of sensory systems?

A

intesity, sensory adaptation, modality, localization

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8
Q

How is intensity detected?

A

increased stimulus enhances amplitude of receptor potntial and thus frequency of Aps

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9
Q

mechanisms for sensory rapid adaptation?

A

rapid ion channel inactivation to decreace receptor potential

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10
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

decreased neural activity with sustained stimulation

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11
Q

Mechanisms for sensory slow adaptation?

A

gradual reduction of receptor potential

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12
Q

What is the difference between rapid and slow adaptation?

A

Slow decreases activity but still lets CNS know its occuring, while Rapid just turns of stimulus all together after initial signal, so it only knows that it did occur

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13
Q

what are 2 somatic modalities?

A

tactile sensation and proprioception

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14
Q

Tactile sensation includes what?

A

touch, pain, temp

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15
Q

How do sensory receptor proteins react to stimulus?

A

maximally to one type and less to others.

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16
Q

Adequate stimulus is what?

A

energy that elicits greatest response and largely determines which neuron will be responsible for precepton of sensory modality.

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17
Q

do somatic modalities use the same neurons?

A

no, modalities are associated with specilized neurons for detecting different qualities

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18
Q

How can modalities be distinguished grossly?

A

by conduction velocity

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19
Q

what are compound action potentials?

A

recordings of the summed action potentials measured over time at a particular site on the nerve

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20
Q

what happens to compound action potentials further along a nerve?

A

they are separated more by velocity

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21
Q

so if compound actions potentials get separated by velocity, what do the peaks mean?

A

peaks are clusters with different conduction velocities and degrees of myleniaiton

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22
Q

How are nerve compound Aps classified?

A

Numbers or Letters

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23
Q

Letters apply to what?

A

sensory

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24
Q

Numbers apply to what nerves

A

motor nerves

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25
do nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons?
useally they do have both sensory and motor
26
Peaks of compounded action potentials correspond what?
Population size of axons with specific degree of myelination and velocity
27
what types are most myelinated?
Type 1 or A are fastest, IV or c are slowest
28
Aa is for what
proprioception, motor neuron
29
Abeta is for?
light touch
30
A gamma is for
fast pain
31
C is for
slow pain
32
what is fastor sensory or pain?
sensory
33
what is cutaneous receptive field?
skin area innervated by branches of single neuron
34
What areas have largest and smallest receptor fields?
Smallest, perephery like hands, largest are proximal like our back
35
Why is the size and density of a receptor field importaint to the CNS?
1) stimulus location, 2) size and shape of stimulus 3)resolve spatial resolution
36
How is specificity determined from RF?
there is seconday overlap of fields and then subtle differences can be seen between them
37
what is tactile sensation mediated by?
cutaneous receptors
38
What are the 4 submodalities of tactile sensation?
1) discriminative touch 2) non descriminative touch 3) temp 4) pain
39
what are cutaneous receptors made from?
1) modified non neural tissue or 2) axons themselves
40
What mediates discrimitative touch?
mecanoreceptors in CT or around hairs each with its own characteristic
41
Merkel cell
form, tecture - brail reading
42
Ruffini corpuscle
skin strectc, hand shape and position
43
Meissner corpuscle
skin movement andslip for grip control
44
pacinian corpuscle
vibratory stimuli through hand held object
45
Hair folicle
motion/direction of tactile stimuli
46
What are the slow adaptine recptors?
Merkel cell - neurtire complesx and ruffini endings
47
What are the fast adapting rectptors?
Messiner, pacinian and hair folicles
48
Where are merkel cells?
basal layer of epidermis - modified non neural cell
49
Where are rufrini endings
deep in the dermis -large and thin spindle shaped
50
Where are meissner corpuscle
are nerve cells just deep to epidermis in the dermis
51
Where are pacinian corpuscles?
dermis of glabrous skin - encapsulate axon ending
52
Hair folicles do what how?
axons surround base of hair to detect touch.
53
how is pacian corpuscle stimulated?
physical pressure creates receptor potential that releases glutamate from axon or lamellar cell triggering AP
54
How do pacinian cells adapt?
GABA is releases from lamellar cells to inhibit AP
55
What in a small receptive field, where?
meissner and merkel, they are concentrated at fingertips
56
what receptors are in larger receptive fields?
Ruffini is stretch and pacinian along ulnar and median nerve- over most of region
57
Fast adapt, small field is
Messiner
58
Fast and large
Pacinian
59
Slow and small
merkel
60
Slow and large
rufinni
61
what do free nerve ending do?
mediate the remaining somesthetic modalities
62
Characteristic of free nerve ending?
slow adapting and conductins, smaller A gamma and C axons
63
where do free nerve ending reside?
underlie the epidermis or extend into the stratum granulosum
64
Non descrimitative touch
high threshold sense of touch, poor localization
65
where do heat and cold receptors lie?
within dermis, with slow adaptation to adjust to hot or cold water
66
Where are pain receptors?
C and A gamma penetrate into epidermis
67
Mechanoreceptors
tap, squeze, rup skin stretch C, gamma
68
Thermoreceptors
hot or cold c gamma
69
Noiciceptors to types
mechano - thermal and polymodal noiciceptor
70
Mechano-thermal detects what?
mechanical or thermal tissue damage
71
Polymodal noiciceptor detects what?
heat, tissue damage and chemicals C
72
proprioception
somatic sensitivity to positon, location, orientation and movement of the joints muscles and fascia
73
what types of axons for proprioception?
A a and beta, ruffini, pacianian, spindle and golgi tendon
74
How can the major categories of modalities also be destinguished by?
their ascending pathways.
75
What goes with discrimitative touch and proprioception?
1) low threshold 2) rapid AP 3) dorsal column leminscal system 4) Quanitative sense for localization os timulus
76
What does wit hnon descrimitative touch pain and temp
1) high threshold 3) slower AP 3) anterolateral system 4) qualitative experience
77
What column does descriminative touch, and propriception?
Dorsal comumn - Leminscal system
78
In the Dorsal column-leminscal system, what type of neurons convey infomatio where?
First, second and third order convey info to spinal cord, brain stem ,thalamus, to cerebral cortex
79
What is a first order neuron?
sensory axons, form dorsal columns, and synaps
80
What about second order neurons?
axons from medial lemniscus that then go to thalamus
81
What about third order neurons?
Project to primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus
82
What is the anterolateral system for?
non descrimitative touch, pain and temp
83
Does the anterolateral sysem do the first sencond third order neruron thing?
only part of it does
84
What are the first order neurons and where do they go for anterlateral?
sensory axons synaps to sordal horn using substance p, glutamate and NO
85
what does rexed lamina consist of?
neuronal groups segregated by modality.
86
where do the second order neurons of the dorsal horn go to?
they decussate to anterolateral system
87
what are the two anterolateral pathways?
Neospinathalimic tract and paelospinothalamic tract
88
Neospinothalamic tract
To lateral thalamus ant somatosensory cortex
89
Neospinathalamic tract is for what?
localization of sensation
90
Paleospinothalamic tract is for what?
qualitative aspects of pain, temp and non descriminative touch
91
where are the third order neurons for anterolateral path?
to somatosensory from thalamic
92
Medial thalamic neurons for what?
alerting responses or experience of dull persistent pain
93
Lateral thalamic neurons for what?
stimulus localization
94
syringomyelia is what
cysts that form in the center of cervical grey matter interruptin decussation of anterolateral second order neurons.
95
what does syringomyela cause?
leads to bilateral loss of pain and temp from cericothroacic area of body
96
Brown Sequared syndrome?
cut through dorsal and anterolateral spinal cord on one side
97
What does brown sequared syndrom cause?
Ipsolateral - loss of discrimitive touch, propriceptions, Contralateral - loss of pain and temp sensations
98
Dermatomes
area of skin innervated by one spinal segment they overlap
99
what could a dermatome be used for?
to reveal sites of damage to spinal nerves or cord
100
Opthalimic of trigeminal
orbidal cavity forehead and top of nose
101
Maxillary
nasal cavity, cheel
102
Mandibular
oral cavity, chin side of face, ear, external acousite meatus, tympanic membrane,
103
Where does trigeminal nerve project from?
from the pons
104
Foramena of trigeminal nerve divisions?
opthalim - superior orbital fissure, maxillary - foramen rotundum, Mandibular - foramen ovale
105
are there other branchers to trigeminal?
yes cutaneous ones from other foramina, supraorbital, infraorbital, mental etc
106
What are the nucleus that are associated with trigeminal nerve?
Principal sensory, spinal trigeminal, mesencephalic, motor
107
Principal sensory nucleus
discriminative touch from face
108
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
pain and temp from face
109
Mesencephalic nucleus
proprioception from masticators, mediate muscle reflex
110
Motor nucleus
motor to masticating muscles

Organ systems (14 decks)

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