OSEP Flashcards
1
Q
Non-selective COX inhibitor DOC for headache, pain, and fever
A
Paracetamol
Ibuprofen
2
Q
MOA of non-selective COX inhibitors
A
blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes responsible for the formation of prostaglandins
3
Q
Selective COX-2 inhibitor DOC for headache, pain, and fever
A
Celecoxib
4
Q
AE of paracetamol
A
hepatotoxicity
5
Q
AE of ibuprofen
A
GI ulcer
6
Q
AE of celecoxib
A
risk of MI/stroke/thrombosis/atherogenesis
7
Q
Dosage of paracetamol for headache, pain, fever
A
500 mg every 4-6 hrs as needed
8
Q
Dosage of ibuprofen for headache, pain, fever
A
200 mg every 4-6 hrs as needed
9
Q
Dosage of celecoxib for headache, pain, fever
A
200 mg (twice a day) 400 mg (OD) as needed
10
Q
DOC for allergy
A
loratadine
11
Q
drug group of loratadine
A
2nd gen H1-receptor blocker
12
Q
MOA of loratadine
A
reversible competitive binding to H1 receptors
13
Q
most common AE of loratadine
A
anti-muscarinic effect
14
Q
dosage of loratadine for adults
A
10 mg tablet OD at bedtime
15
Q
dosage of loratadine for children
A
5 mg/ml syrup 1 tsp OD
16
Q
What are antimuscarinic effects
A
dry as a bone hot as a hare red as a beet mad as a hatter blind as a bat
17
Q
Normal BP
A
<120/<80
18
Q
Elevated BP
A
120-129 / <80
19
Q
Stage 1 hypertension
A
130-139 / 80-89
20
Q
Stage 2 hypertension
A
140-160 / 90-99
or >160 or >100
21
Q
Drug groups for the pharmacological management of hypertension
A
ACE Inhibitors
ARBs
CCB
Thiazide diuretic
22
Q
ACEI DOC for hypertension
A
Enalapril
23
Q
MOA of enalapril
A
Blocks synthesis of angiotensin II to promote sodium and water retention and breakdown of bradykinin into inactive peptide
24
Q
Most common AE of enalapril
A
Cough
25
Effect of enalapril on HR
None
26
Dosage of enalapril
10 mg tablet OD at bedtime for 6 weeks or 30 days for maintenance
27
ARB DOC for hpn
Losartan
28
MOA for losartan
Blocks angiotensin II type I receptor
29
Effect of angiotensin II in the kidney
Na reabsorption and aldosterone release
30
Effect of angiotensin II to the vasculature
Vasoconstriction
31
Effect of angiotensin II block to CNS
Norepinephrine release
32
Effect of angiotensin II blockage to the heart
Remodelling of the heart - hypertrophy
33
Most common AE of losartan
Hyperkalemia
34
Effect of losartan on the bradykinin system
None
35
Dosage of losartan
100 mg tablet OD as maintenance
36
CCB DOC for hpn
Amlodipine
37
MOA of amlodipine
Reduce Ca++ influx in cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle by blocking the voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the cell membrane
38
Most common AE of amlodipine
Edema
39
CI of amlodipine
Unstable angina
40
Dosage of amlodipine
5 mg tablet OD as maintenance
41
Why is amlodipine ideal for maintenance?
Because it has the longest half-life
42
Thiazide diuretic DOC for hpn
Hydrochlorthiazide
43
MOA of hydrochlorthiazide
Blocks sodium chloride channel located on the distal convoluted tubule
44
Most common AEs of thiazides (5H’s)
```
Hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
Hyponatremia
Hyperuricemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
```
45
Dosage of hydrochlorthiazide
25 mg OD as maintenance
46
Hydrochlorthiazides are usually combined with
ACEi and ARBs
47
Drug groups for GERD
Proton pump inhibitor
| H2 receptor blocker
48
PPI DOC for GERD
Omeprazole
49
MOA of omeprazole
Irreversibly inhibits H/K-ATPase
50
Most common AE of omeprazole
Hip fracture risk
51
Dosage of omeprazole
20 mg or 40 mg OD before breakfast
52
H2 receptor blocker DOC for GERD
Ranitidine
53
MOA of ranitidine
Competitive inhibition at H2 receptor
54
Dosage of ranitidine
150 mg tablet BID or 300 mg tablet OD at night
55
Drug group for reliever medications for asthma
Short-acting beta-2 agonist
56
Short-acting beta-2 agonist DOC for asthma
Salbutamol
57
MOA of salbutamol
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting on beta-2 receptors
58
Most common AE of salbutamol
Tremors, palpitations
59
Dosage of salbutamol
100 mcg/actuation MDI:
| Take 1-2 puffs every 6 hrs as needed for acute exacerbation. GARGLE after.
60
Drug groups that are controller medications for asthma
Inhaled corticosteroids and long acting beta-2 agonist
61
Inhaled corticosteroid DOC for asthma
Budesonide
62
MOA of budesonide
Control rate of protein synthesis, depress migration of PMN leukocytes
63
Common AE of budesonide
Oral/pharyngeal candidiasis
64
Dosage of budesonide
200 mcg/actuation budesonide turbohaler:
| Take 1 puff twice a day every 12 hrs. GARGLE after use.
65
Long-acting beta-2 agonist DOC for asthma
Formoterol
66
MOA of formoterol
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta-2 receptors
67
Common AEs of formoterol
Acute exacerbations, status asthmaticus
68
Dosage of formoterol for asthma
4.5/80 mcg or 9/160 mcg formoterol + budesonide:
| Take 1-2 puffs every 12 hrs. Gargle after use.
69
Most common pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia
Steptococcus pneumoniae
70
2nd most common pathogen cause of CAP
Hemophilus influenzae
71
1sr line drug for low-risk CAP
Amoxicillin
72
Vitals for low-risk CAP
RR: <30 cpm
PR: <125bpm
Temp: 36-40C
BP: >90/60
73
Vitals for moderate risk CAP
RR: >30cpm
PR: >125bpm
Temp: >40C or <36
BP: <90/60
74
1st line drug for moderate risk CAP
Levofloxacin
75
What to give to atypical moderate-risk CAP
Macrolides
76
Features of severe CAP
Severe sepsis, need for mechanical ventilation
77
What to give to severe CAP?
Broader spectrum carbapenems, cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors
78
Drug groups for CAP
Beta-lactams
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones
79
Aminopenicillin for CAP
Co-Amoxiclav
80
2nd gen cephalosporins for CAP
Cefuroxime
81
Most common AE of Co-amoxiclav
Hypersensitivity
82
Dosage of co-amoxiclav
625 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days
83
MOA of amoxicillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
84
MOA of clavulanic acid
Inhibits beta-lactamase
85
Dosage of cefuroxime
500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days
86
Macrolide DOC for CAP
Azithromycin
87
MOA of azithromycin
Inhibits protein sythesis by binding to 50s subunit
88
Most common AE of azithromycin
QT prolongation
89
Dosage of azithromycin
500 mg OD for 3 days
90
Causes of atypical CAP
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Legionella
91
Fluoroquinolone DOC for CAP
Levofloxacin
92
MOA of levofloxacin
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
93
Most common AE of levofloxacin
GIT - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
94
Dosage of levofloxacin
500 mg tablet OD
95
MOA of cefuroxime
Inhibits bacterial wall synthesis
96
Dosage of cefuroxime
500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days
97
Drug group of cephalexin
1st cephalosporin beta-lactam
98
Common cause of acute tonsillopharyngitis
Group A Streptococci
99
First line of treatment for ATP esp. children
Penicillin
100
Can be given to adults for ATP
Amoxicillin
101
Longest-acting among antibiotics, can be given to ATP for 1 yr duration
Benzathine
102
1st gen cephalosporin for ATP
Cephalexin
103
MOA of cephalexin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
104
Most common AE of cephalexin
Disulfuram-like reactions
105
Dosage of cephalexin
500 mg capsule every 12 hrs for 10 days. Do skin test first
106
Drug groups for UTI
2nd gen cephalosporin
Sulfonamide
2nd gen fluoroquinolone
107
MOA of cefuroxime
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
108
Most common AEs of cefuroxime
GI disturbances
109
Dosage of cefuroxime for UTI
500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days
110
Sulfonamide DOC for UTI
Co-trimoxazole
111
MOA of trimethoprim
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
112
MOA of sulfamethoxazole
Inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase
113
Dosage of co-trimoxazole
160 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 14 days with food
114
2nd gen fluoroquinolone for UTI
Ciprofloxacin
115
MOA of ciprofloxacin
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
116
Blackbox warning for ciprofloxacin
Tendinitis, tendon rupture
117
Contraindication of ciprofloxacin
Children and pregnant
118
Dosage of ciprofloxacin
500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days
119
Dosage of metformin
500 mg BID with meals
120
Dosage of gliclazide
40-80 mg tablet OD after meals for 30 days
121
Dosage of sitagliptin
100 mg tablet OD
122
Dosage of empaglifozin
10 mg tablet OD
123
Dosage of acarbose
50 mg tablet OD
124
Dosage of pioglitazone
15 mg; 30 mg tablet OD
125
Drug groups for Graves Disease
Thioamides
| Beta-blocker
126
Thioamides DOC for Graves Disease
Methimazole
| Propylthiouracil
127
Which of the 2 thioamides is short-acting?
| long-acting?
```
PTU = short-acting
Methimazole = long-acting
```
128
MOA of methimazole
blocks organification, coupling
129
AEs of methimazole
Agranulocytosis
Cholestatic jaundice
Rash
130
Dosage of methimazole
5 mg tablet (maintenance: 2.5-10mg OD) for 30 days. Return for follow-up.
131
DOC for non-pregnant patient with Graves Disease
Methimazole
132
DOC for pregnant patient 2nd-3rd trimester with Graves Disease
Methimazole
133
MOA of PTU
Inhibits organification, coupling, DEIODINATION
134
Common AEs of PTU
agranulocytosis, rash, hepatitis
135
Dosage of PTU
50 mg tablet every 8 hrs for 30 days. Return for follow-up.
136
B-blocker DOC for Graves Disease
Propranolol
137
AE of propranolol
Intrauterine growth restriction
138
Dosage of propranolol
40 mg tablet every 6 hours
139
MOA of propranolol
```
inhibits DEIODINATION (blocks conversion of T3 to T4);
controls sympathetic stimulation (tachycardia and tremors)
```
140
Other beta-blockers than can be given aside from propranolol
metoprolol, atenolol
