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Electrolytes > Osmolality > Flashcards

Osmolality Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Electrolytes with a positive charge is called? And it move towards the _____ in an electric field

A

Cation

Cathode

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3
Q

Electrolyte with a negative charge is called? And it move toward the _______ in an electric field?

A

Anion

Anode

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4
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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5
Q

Electrolytes involve in volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium, chloride, potassium

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6
Q

Electrolyte involved in regulation of adenosine triphosphatase ion pumps

A

Magnesium

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7
Q

Electrolyte involved in neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium, calcium and magnesium

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8
Q

Electrolyte involved in production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Magnesium and phosphate

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9
Q

Electrolyte involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium, magnesium and calcium

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10
Q

Electrolyte involved in cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Magnesium, calcium and zinc

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11
Q

Electrolyte involved in regulation of acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate, potassium and chloride

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12
Q

Electrolyte involved in blood coagulation

A

Calcium and magnesium

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13
Q

True or false

Women have lower average water content than men

A

True

Due to higher fat content

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14
Q

Water content of the human body

A

40% to 75% of total body weight

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15
Q

It is the solvent for all processes in the body

A

Water

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16
Q

Where is water located in the body?

A

Intracellular and extracellular compartments

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17
Q

Cite functions of water

A

Transports nutrients to cell
Determines cell volume
Remove waste products through urine
Act as the body’s coolant through sweating

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18
Q

It is the fluid inside the cell

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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19
Q

It accounts for one third of total body water

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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20
Q

Accounts for two thirds of total body water

A

Intracellular fluid

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21
Q

ECF can be subdivided into….

A

Intravascular ECF (plasma) and interstitial cell fluid

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22
Q

Fluid that surrounds the cells in the tissue

A

Interstitial fluid

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23
Q

True or false

Plasma is 98% water

A

False

93% water

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24
Q

The concentration of ion within cells ansd in plasma are maintained by…

A

Active transport and diffusion (or passive transport) processes

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25
Passive movement of ions across a membrane
Diffusion
26
Mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes
Active transport
27
Diffusion depends on what factors?
Size and charge of ion | Nature of membrane
28
True or false | Most biologic membranes are freely permeable to water, ions and proteins
False Only permeable to water
29
Distribution of water is controlled by maintaining what?
concentration of electrolytes and proteins
30
Factors influencing flow of water
Sodium Other ions and proteins Blood pressure
31
Basis for routine measurements of osmolality. Also, these are considered as the two most frequently used method of analysis
Vapor pressure decrease (dew point) and freezing point depression
32
It is a physical propertyof a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent
Osmolality
33
A term occasionally used and is reported as miliosmoles per liter
Osmolarity
34
Osmolarity is inaccurate in cases of
Hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia | Presence of osmotically active substances (mannitol or alcohol)
35
Formerly called Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)
36
AVP and sensation of thirst are stimulated by the ____________ in response to ___________
Hypothalamus | Increased osmolality of blood
37
Important mechanism in mediating fluid intake
Thirst
38
AVP is secreted by the ______________ and acts on the cells of the ___________ to increase water reabsorption
``` Post pituitary gland Collecting duct (medullary and cortical collecting tubules) ```
39
Cite Natural responses to thirst sensation
Consume more fluid Increase water content of ECF Diluting the elevated sodium level Decrease osmolality of plasma
40
When water is conserved, what happens to osmolality and AVP?
Osmolality decreases | AVP secretion ceases
41
Regulation of osmolality affects what ion concentration?
Sodium
42
An important parameter to which the hypothalamus responds
Osmolality in plasma
43
It accounts for 90% of the osmotic activity in plasma
Sodium
44
Important regulatory processes affecting Na concentration
Regulation of blood volume and osmolality
45
Osmolality is regulated by changes in?
Water balance
46
Blood volume is regulated by changes in?
Na balance
47
Receptors in hypothalamus that responds quickly to small changes in osmolality, thus, essential to maintain plasma osmolality.
Osmoreceptors
48
1% to 2% decrease in osmolality leads to
Shutting off of AVP production
49
Half life of AVP in the circulation
15-20 minutes
50
1% to 2% increase in osmolality leads to
Increase in circulating concentration of AVP
51
Mechanism that is More important in controlling water excess
Renal water excretion
52
Renal water regulation is done by
avp and thirst
53
Mechanism that is more important in preventing water deficit or dehydration
Thirst
54
Excess intake of water results to
Lower plasma osmolality | Suppression of AVP and thirst
55
Water excreted when there is an excess intake of water
10 to 20 L daily
56
It usually occur in patients with impaired renal excretion of water
Hyponatremia and hypoosmolality
57
Major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia
Thirst
58
Increase plasma osmolality, activated AVP and thirst | These happens in what condition?
Water deficit
59
Osmotic stimulation of thirst progressively diminishes in people who are older than?
60 yrs old
60
True or false | In older patients ( with diminished mental status and illness), dehydration becomes increasingly likely
True
61
True or false | Hyponatremia is a concern in infants, unconscious patients, or anyone who is unable to either drink or ask for water
False Hypernatremia
62
How does a patient wt diabetes insipidus prevent dehydration and have normal plasma sodium levels?
Thru thirst Intake matches the output and therefore retains normal plasma sodium level
63
Regulation of ______________ and ________ is interrelated in controlling blood volume
Sodium and water
64
It is essential in maintaining blood pressure and ensure good perfusion to all tissue and organs
Adequate blood volume
65
This mechanism responds primarily to a decreased blood volume
RAAS Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system
66
This hormone is secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to decreased renal blood flow
Renin
67
Renin converts what to angiotensin I then later on to angiotensin II?
angiotensinogen
68
This activated form causes vasoconstriction, which quickly increases blood pressure and secretion of aldosterone
Angiotensin II
69
This receptor detects changes in blood volume
Stretch receptors
70
Stretch receptors are located in
Cardiopulmonary circulation Carotid sinus Aortic arch Glomerular arterioles
71
Stretch receptors activate aseries of responses that restore volume by
Varying vascular resistance, cardiac output, and renal sodium and water retention
72
4 Factors that affect blood volume
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Volume receptors independent of osmolality (stimulate the release of AVP) Glomerular filtration rate Increased plasma sodium
73
Released from myocardial atria in response to volume expansion and promotes sodium excretion in kidney
ANP
74
Two peptides that act together in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance
ANP and B-type natriuretic peptide
75
True or false | GFR increases wt volume depletion and decreases wt volume expansion
False ``` Inc. = volume expansion Dec = volume depletion ```
76
True or false | Inc plasma sodium will increase urinary Na excretion (and vice versa)
True
77
Vol of glomerular filtrate produced daily and is conserved by the tubules
150 L
78
True or false | 98 to 99% of water is filtered by the tubules
False Sodium
79
True or false | 1% to 2% increase in tubular reabsorption of Na can increase water loss by several liters per day
False 1% to 2% reduction
80
Urine osmolality is increased in what type of condition
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion | Hypovolemia
81
Urine osmolality is decreased in what conditions
Diabetes insipidus | Polydipsia
82
Spx used in measuring osmolality
Urine or serum
83
What are the major electrolyte concentrations which provide the largest contribution to serum osmolality values
Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
84
True or false | Plasma can also be used in detecting osmolality
False Osmotically active substances may be present in the anticoagulant
85
True or false | Increase in osmolality, decreases the freezing point temp and vapor pressure
True
86
Samples to be measured for osmolality should be free of what to obtain accurate results?
Particulate matter
87
A turbid serum should be _____ before analysis
Centrifuged
88
Equipment used in measuring freezing point depression
Osmometer
89
Osmometers are standardized using
Sodium chloride
90
In freezing point depression, the sample is supercooled to what temp?
-7 degree celsius
91
Freezing point depression is reported as
Milliosmoles per kilogram
92
It is the difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality
Osmolal gap
93
Calculation of osmolality is used to
Determine osmolal gap or | Provide estimate of the true osmolality
94
Osmolal gap indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances (other than Na, urea and glucose) such as
BLEEM ``` Methanol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Lactate B-hydroxybutyrate ```

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