Osmoregulation...

Question 1

Osmoregulation

Answer 1

The maintenance of salt (solute) and water balance in an organism

Question 2

Osmosis

Answer 2

Special case of diffusion in which the molecules dissolve in water (“solute”) are not diffusing, but rather the water molecules (“Solvent”) diffuse across the cell membrane.

Question 3

Solute

Answer 3

Molecules dissolved in water

Question 4

Solvent

Answer 4

Water molecules (dissolves solute)

Question 5

Isoosmotic

Answer 5

when two solutions have the same osmolarity

Question 6

hyperosmotic

Answer 6

when one solution has a greater osmolarity than another (more solute)

Question 7

hypoosmotic

Answer 7

when one solution has a more dilute solution than another

Question 8

osmoconformer

Answer 8

are isoosmotic with surroundings (marine animals only)

Have no tendancy to gain or lose water

Question 9

osmoregulator

Answer 9

must control its internal osmolarity (all freshwater & terrestrial animals)
i.e.
if it lives in a hyperosmotic environment it must take in water
if it loves in a hypooosmotic environment it must get rid of excess water

Question 10

stenohaline

Answer 10

can tolerate only narrow changes in external osmolarity
i.e.
goldfish

Question 11

Euryhaline

Answer 11

organism can tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity
i.e.
Tilapia

Question 12

osmoregulatory adaptations

Answer 12

Gills ( excretion of salt ions & osmotic water loss)

Sharks maintain high internal solute concentrations (urea) which makes them hyperosmolar to sea water.

Question 13

anhydrobiosis

Answer 13

ability to survive when water source dries up

Question 14

Tardigrades

Answer 14

“Water Bears” anhydrobiosis animals can survive for 4-7 years in this dried up state.

Question 15

Filtration

Answer 15

the excretory tubule collecs a filtrate from the blood. Blood preesure forces water & solutes across the selectively permeable membreane into the tubule.

Question 16

Reabsorpiton

Answer 16

the transport of epithelium reclaims needed substances from the filtrate where they return to the body fluids

Question 17

Secretion

Answer 17

other unwanted compounds (toxins, ions) are actively extracted from the body fluids & added to the filtrate for excretion

Question 18

Excretion

Answer 18

the filtrate leaves the body as urine

Question 19

Filtrate

Answer 19

water and solutes forced inside the excretory tubule by blood pressure.

Question 20

urine

Answer 20

filtrate that was not reabsorbed into the body made up of water, solutes, toxins, and ions)

Question 21

transporting epithelium

Answer 21

the key to re absorption & secretion
Solutes move selectively across the transporting epithelium to/from the blood to the lumen of the tubule
to go against concentration gradients specialized proteins move solute across the epithelium

Question 22

Lumen

Answer 22

Inside of secretory cell in the secretory tubule where solutes move either accross the membrane to the lumen or accross the tubule to the blood

Question 23

protonephridia

Answer 23

osmoregulation

Question 24

metanephridia

Answer 24

osmoregulation & excretion

Question 25

Malpighian tubules

Answer 25

osmoregulation & excretion of N2 wastes

Question 26

*kidney (renal cortex)

Answer 26

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Question 27

*kidney (renal medulla)

Answer 27

daf

Question 28

*kidney (renal arteries & veins

Answer 28

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Question 29

ureter

Answer 29

modified fluid leaves the kidney and enters the ureter.

Question 30

bladder

Answer 30

the fluid (urine) passes through the two ureters and empties into the urinary bladder

Question 31

urethra

Answer 31

The bladder expands and fills with urine until by reflex action it contracts & expels the urine through he urethra

Question 32

Nephron

Answer 32

The functional unit of the kidney. Contains the loop of Henle, juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron

Question 33

cortical Nephron

Answer 33

resides entirely in the cortex; reduced loop of Henle (80% of all nephrons)

Question 34

juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 34

dives dep into the medulla; enables mammals to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids.

Question 35

*glomerulus

Answer 35

daf

Question 36

*Bowman’s capsule

Answer 36

daf

Question 37

proximal tubule

Answer 37

sals, especially NaCl, water and nutriens are absorbed primarily in the proximal tubule (right before the loop of Henle).

Question 38

Loop of Henle

Answer 38

the descending portion is not very permeable to solutes, but permeable to water.
the ascending portion is permeable to solutes, but not much to water.

Question 39

distal tubule

Answer 39

Right after loop of Henle. Plays key role in regulation of NaCl and K+ in body fluids by varying their absorption and secretion; also in pH regulaion

Question 40

Collecting duct

Answer 40

plays role in how much NaCl is reclaimed in the filtrate by altering its acive transport. As it passes through the medulla more water is reabsorbed, concentrating the urine