Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology161 > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Osmoregulation

A

maintenance of constant pressure by the control of water & salt concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Interstitial fluid

A

bathes and surrounds the cells of vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Excretion

A

the removal of nitrogenous wastes & other byproducts of cellular metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Defacation

A

the removal of undigested residues & bacteria from the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the relation of mammalian kidneys and blood

A

kidneys receive 20% of cardiac output and filter 180 L of blood/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis (artificial kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the flow of blood coming from the dorsal aorta.

A

blood vessel -> uriniferous tubule (nephron and collecting tubule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the Renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + Renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s another name for the Renal capsule?

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What regions make up the Nephron?

A

Proximal, Intermediate, Distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s another name for the Collecting tubule?

A

Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two structural mechanisms increase filtration rate in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. diameter of afferent arteriole > efferent arteriole

2. diffusion distance from capillaries to lumen of renal capsule is small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What organs communicate w/ the kidneys by producing enzymes?

A

Liver, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organs/systems communicate w/ the kidneys by releasing hormones?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What feature of the cardiovascular system communicates w/ the kidneys?

A

baroreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nephric ridge forms from the…?

A

intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nephric tubules develop within the…?

A

nephric ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nephrotome appears

A

embryonic forerunner of uriniferous tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the medial end of the nephrotome form?

A

Renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What connects the Nephrocoel to the coelom?

A

Peritoneal funnel (rarely present in adult vert.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the lateral end of the nephrotome form?

A

Nephric duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What makes up the Uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephric tubule, Nephric duct, Nephrocoel, Peritoneal funnel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Pronephros

A

Anterior region of nephric ridge (early vert.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Mesonephros

A

Middle region of nephric ridge (fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define Metanephros
Posterior region of nephric ridge (aminotes)
26
Ontogeny reveals...?
evolutionary history (phylogeny)
27
What does the metanephric duct (ureter) stem from? What does it form?
From base of mesonephric duct. | Forms adult kidney in aminotes
28
Opisthonephros
meta + meso | adult fish and amphibians
29
Water reabsorption is by ____ and can be coupled with ____
Osmosis; sodium reabsorbtion
30
Water diffuses down ____
Concentration gradient
31
Water moves from ____ to ____
low solute to high solute
32
Water reabsorption follows ____
solute reabsorption
33
What term describes normal blood volume?
Normovolemia
34
What term describes high blood volume? What is it due to?
Hypervolemia; due to positive water balance
35
What term describes low blood volume? What is it due to?
Hypovolemia; due to negative water balance
36
Osmotic gradient is established by ____ in ____
counter-current multiplier in loop of Henle
37
How is water gained (from greatest -> least daily). How much?
liquids; foods; metabolically produced | 2550ml
38
How is water lost (from greatest -> least daily). How much?
Urine; skin & lungs; feces; sweat | 2550ml
39
How is sodium gained. How much daily?
Food | 10.5g
40
How is sodium lost (from greatest -> least daily). How much?
Urine; feces and sweat | 10.5g
41
How is sodium balance reabsorbed?
Actively
42
Sodium balance is freely filterable from glomerulus into...
Bowman's space
43
Sodium excreted = ____ - ____
Sodium filtered - Sodium reabsorbed | both actively controlled
44
How many sodium receptors are in the body?
NONE
45
How is sodium balance primarily regulated?
via Baroreceptors
46
What is GFR?
Glomerular Filtration Rate
47
What is Aldosterone? What does it stimulate? Where is it produced?
A steroid hormone that targets cells in distal tubule and collecting duct. Stimulates sodium reabsorption from urine. Produced by adrenal cortex.
48
What are the forms that vertebrates excrete nitrogen in?
Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid
49
Describe Ammonia (Ammonotelism)
toxic | water soluble
50
Describe Urea (Ureotelism)
less toxic than Ammonia water soluble relatively easy to form
51
Describe Uric acid (Uricotelism)
``` least toxic (compared to Ammonia and Urea) not water soluble difficult to form; discharged as paste ```
52
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Teleost (fresh water & marine)
Ammonia, some urea
53
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Elasmobranch
Urea
54
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Larval Amphibian
Ammonia, some urea
55
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Adult Amphibian
Urea, some ammonia
56
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Reptile
Uric acid
57
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Bird
Uric acid, urea in some species
58
Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Mammal
Urea, small amount of Ammonia, and sometimes Uric acid
59
What is an Ionoconformer? Give an example.
exert little control over ion profile within the extracellular space exclusively found in marine animals -- ex. Hagfish
60
What is an Ionoregulator? Give an example.
control ion profile of extracellular space | ex. most verts.
61
What is an Osmoconformer? Give an example.
internal & external osmolarity similar | ex. hagfish, elasmobranchs
62
What is an Osmoregulator? Give an example.
Osmolarity constant regardless of external environment | ex. most verts.
63
Fresh water Osmoregulators are ____ to environment.
Hyperosmotic
64
Salt water Osmoregulators are ____ to environment.
Hyposmotic
65
Osmoconformers are ____ to environment
Isomotic
66
What term describes the ability to tolerate a narrow range of external salinities?
Stenohaline
67
What term describes the ability to tolerate a wide range of external salinities?
Euryhaline

Biology161 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions