Osmoregulation

Question 1

Evidence for countercurrent hypothesis by micropuncture

Answer 1

Gottschalk and Mylle (1959)

Question 2

Net transtubular movement of water and urea; primarily from descending limb; compatible with passive movement of water/urea

Answer 2

Lassiter et al (1961)

Question 3

Model for countercurrent multiplication where loop of Henle operates passively

Answer 3

Kokko and Rector (1972)

Question 4

Model of secondary active Cl- transport; removal of K+ conductance reduced Isc; compatible with NCKK exchanger

Answer 4

Greger and Schlatter (1981)

Question 5

Evidence for electroneutral NaCl cotransport (NCKK) in cortical thick ascending limb

Answer 5

Greger et al (1983)

Question 6

UT-A knockouts have urinary concentrating defects caused by failure of urea transport

Answer 6

Fenton et al (2005)

Question 7

Transgenic restoration of urea transporter A1 confers maximal urinary concentration in the absence of urea transporter A3

Answer 7

Klein et al (2015)

Question 8

Active urea secretion into pars recta = urea-selective improvement in urine concentrating ability

Answer 8

Layton and Bankir (2013)

Question 9

Urea actively secreted by straight segments of superficial and juxtamedullar PT

Answer 9

Karamura and Kokko (1976)

Question 10

Compatible with passive urea secretion in PST but not a significant degree of active secretion

Answer 10

Knepper (1983)

Question 11

Secondary active secretor urea transport in inner medullar collecting ducts upregulated in diuretic rats

Answer 11

Kato and Sands (1998)

Question 12

Supaoptic neurones of rat hypothalamus are osmosensitive

Answer 12

Mason (1980)

Question 13

• Changes in firing rate of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) following OVLT stimulation selectively mediated by changes in synaptic excitation

Answer 13

Richard and Bourque (1995)

Question 14

OVLT detects NaCl to elevate sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure; intrinsic

Answer 14

Kinsman et al (2017)

Question 15

NaCl and osmolarity produce different responses in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis neurons, sympathetic nerve activity and blood pr

Answer 15

Kinsman et al (2017)

Question 16

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in forebrain neurones contributes to osmoregulatory mechanisms

Answer 16

Dine et al (2014)

Question 17

Physial shrinking necessary and sufficient to medaite hypertonicity; mechanical process involved TRPV1 but not TRPV4

Answer 17

Ciura et al (2011)

Question 18

TRPV4 responds to volume changes, but is a lack of evidence for involvement in some studies

Answer 18

Toft-Bertelson et al (2018)

Question 19

TRPV4 knockout mice drink less water and become more hyperosmolar, with lower ADH levels

Answer 19

Liedke and Friedman (2003)

Question 20

No difference in cumulative water intake in TRPV1/TRPV4/double knockouts; smaller increase in Fos-positive subfornical organ in knockouts; TRPV1/4 not primary mechanism of dehydration response

Answer 20

Kinsman et al (2014)

Question 21

Dehydration doubled AQP3 mRNA with slight increase in protein expression

Answer 21

Ishibashi et al (1997)

Question 22

Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels to plasma membrane

Answer 22

Nielsen et al (1995)

Question 23

AQP2 trafficking to vesicles is phosphorylation independent and to membrane is phosphorylation dependent

Answer 23

van Balkom et al (2002)

Question 24

AQP2 plasma membrane diffusion altered by degree of AQP2 phosphorylation

Answer 24

Arnspang et al (2016)

Question 25

Phosphorylation of AQP2 controls interaction with LIP5 lysosomal trafficking protein

Answer 25

Roche et al (2017)

Question 26

Vasopressin-induced phosphorylation reduces Sipa1|1-mediated AQP2 endocytosis

Answer 26

Wang et al (2017)

Question 27

Partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by novel AQP2 variation impairing trafficking of AQP2 water channel

Answer 27

Dollerup et al (2015)

Question 28

Decrease in AQP3 expression in rats with unilateral partial ureteral obstruction

Answer 28

Lee et al (2013)

Question 29

EDH4 is a novel regulator of urinary water homeostasis; knockouts have higher volume of more dilute urine with more dispersed AQP2

Answer 29

Rahman et al (2017)