Osmoregulation and Excretion

Question 1

What animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea?

Answer 1

Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes.

Question 2

What animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of NH3?

Answer 2

Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes.

Question 3

What animals animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of Uric Acid

Answer 3

Many reptiles, birds, insects, land snails.

Question 4

What sea creatures have to osmoregulate?

Answer 4

All freshwater creatures and some saltwater creatures

Question 5

List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of water needed.

Answer 5

Uric Acid, Urine, NH3

Question 6

List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of energy needed.

Answer 6

NH3, Urine, Uric Acid

Question 7

in what form is nitrogen removed during digestive processes

Answer 7

Ammonia (NH3)

Question 8

Why is ammonia so toxic to animals?

Answer 8

Because it’s ion, ammonium (NH4), disrupts Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Question 9

Insects and other Terrestrial Arthropods use _______ for osmoregulation and excretion.

Answer 9

Malpighian Tubules

Question 10

Annelids use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.

Answer 10

Metanephridia

Question 11

Platyhelminthes use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.

Answer 11

Protonephridia (excretion only)

Question 12

Why don’t animals excrete ammonia directly?

Answer 12

Interferes with processes like oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

how is ammonia removed from the body if it is so toxic?

Answer 13

it is either converted into a more tolerable substance or is highly diluted

Question 14

What animals excrete ammonia directly?

Answer 14

only animals that have access to large amounts of water are able to do this because it must be highly diluted

Question 15

ammonia can be converted into ____

Answer 15

Urea and Uric Acid

Question 16

Describe urea

Answer 16

low toxicity, requires less water than ammonia.

Question 17

Describe uric acid

Answer 17

less toxic than urea and requires no water to be excreted

Question 18

What is the function of the renal artery

Answer 18

supply blood to kidneys

Question 19

What is the function of the renal vein

Answer 19

drains blood from kidneys

Question 20

What is the function of ureter

Answer 20

transports urine to the bladder

Question 21

What is the function of urinary bladder

Answer 21

stores urine

Question 22

What is the function of urether

Answer 22

drains urine from bladder

Question 23

What is a nephron

Answer 23

functional unit of the kidney

Question 24

what hormone is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 24

Renin

Question 25

What forces fluid into the nephron at the bowman's capsule inside the glomerulus?

Answer 25

blood pressure

Question 26

The descending loop of henry is permeable to what?

Answer 26

ONLY H2O

Question 27

Where is Na actively pumped out of the nephron and into the interstitial fluid?

Answer 27

Proximal tubule, thick segment of ascending look of henle, distal tubule, and the collecting duct as it passes through the outer medulla.

Question 28

Where is the only place that NaCl is excreted passively.

Answer 28

thin segment of ascending loop of henle as Cl- with Na+ following

Question 29

HCO3 is removed from the nephron passively in the ________ and actively in the ________.

Answer 29

Proximal tubule, distal tubule

Question 30

the ascending loop of henle is permeable to what?

Answer 30

Salts only

Question 31

when something is moved into the nephron it is being ____

Answer 31

excreted

Question 32

when something is moved out of the nephron it is being ___

Answer 32

absorbed

Question 33

ADH stimulates _____

Answer 33

Retention of water by the kidneys by increasing permeability in the distal tubules and collecting ducts

Question 34

Blood osmolarity is homeostatic at ______

Answer 34

300 mOsm/L

Question 35

Mutations that decrease the effectiveness of ADH cause ____

Answer 35

diabetes insipidus

Question 36

What are aquaporin channels

Answer 36

formed when ADH stimulates permeability and cause the membrane of a cell to become more water-permeable.

Question 37

What produces angiotensinogen?

Answer 37

Liver

Question 38

What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Answer 38

ACE

Question 39

What does aldosterone (produced by the adrenal glands) do?

Answer 39

increases blood volume by increasing reabsorption of Na and H2O in the distal tubules