OST Flashcards by Charlie Bryce

Acute Behavioural Disorder (ABD)

Three Factors

Delirium (confusion & hallucinations)
Agitation and or aggression.
Abnormal physiology (raised body temp, fast heart rate, metabolic abnormalities)

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Possible causes of Acute Behavioural Disorder

Drug intoxication 
Alcohol intoxication
Drug and or alcohol withdrawals 
Psychiatric illness
Acute brain injury
Acute illness, brain inflammation 
Hypoglycaemia 
Cocaine is the best known cause of drug induced ABD

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Signs and Symptoms of ABD

Constantly moving around. 
Abnormally strong. 
Abnormal tolerance to pain. 
Non-responsive to present of authority. 
Panting. 
Pava doesn’t work. 
Violent. 
Sweating. 
Hot to touch. 
Attracted to lights, glass & reflective objects. 
May be hallucinating. 
May collapse after a bout of extreme violence.

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Positional Asphyxia risk factors

Age. 
Obesity. 
Alcohol and or drugs. 
Exhaustion / fatigue. 
Respiratory illness. 
Disability. 
Physical position. 
Restraints.

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Signs and Symptoms of Positional Asphyxia.

Rasping sounds (atonal breathes) 
Panic. 
Lips and nails discoloured. 
Behavioural Changes. 
Subject says they can’t breathe.

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Handcuff Neuropathy.

What is it and what can cause it?

Injuries caused by the application of rigid or chain link cuffs.
Injuries could include.
- damage to the main nerves in the wrist area.
- bruising and or cuts to hands, wrists or lower arms.
- sprains and or strains to muscles, ligaments, tendons.
- breaking a bone.

Could be caused by

not applying cuff properly.
inappropriate control measures.
cuff tightness / lack of tightness.
subject struggling.
incorrect positioning.

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Irritant Spray aftercare.

Give reassurance the effects are temporary.
Breathe normally.
Don’t touch your eyes.
Face / look upwind.

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Name Green areas and Red areas.

Baton strikes

Green (Primary Target Areas)
Arms
Legs
Hips

Red (Secondary Target Areas)
Head
Neck
Chest
Spine 
Abdomen
Groin
Tail bone

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OST Human Rights. What articles?

Article 2 - right to life
Article 3 - an absolute right not to be tortured or treated inhumanly
Article 5 - the right to security and liberty of a person

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National Decision Model

Gather information and intel. 
Assess threat and risk and develop a working strategy. 
Consider powers and policy. 
Identify options and contingencies. 
Take action and review what happened.

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When gathering information and intel what info should you get about the subject.

I C I

Identify
Capability
Intent

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Threat Assessment.

Definition / risk categories / confrontational considerations /

Definition 
POP 
Person
Objects 
Place

Risk categories
High and unknown.

Confrontational Considerations
Mental condition (mind set)
Tactics.
Skills.

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Warning signs.

Direct eye contact. 
Face colour darkens. 
Head back. 
Subject stands tall to maximise height. 
Kicking the ground. 
Large movements. 
Breathing rate accelerates. 
Stop/ start behaviour.

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Danger signs.

Fists clenched and unclenching. 
Pale face colour. 
Lips tighten over teeth. 
Head drops forward to protect the throat. 
Eyebrows drop to protect the eyes. 
Hands raises above the waist. 
Shoulder tense. 
Stance changes from square to sideways. 
Subject breaks eye contact and looks for body targets 
Out of breath.

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Impact factors & environment impact factors.

Size
Age
Strength 
Gender 
Drugs 
Alcohol 
Numbers
Ability 
Weapons 
Skill level 
Injury / fitness
Special knowledge. 
Nature of crime

Environment 
Space
Furniture 
Domestic situation (access to kitchen knifes) 
Escape routes 
Weather conditions
Conditions underfoot

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Profiles Offender Behaviour

Compliant 
Verbal resistant & or gestures
Passive resistant
Active resistant
Assaultive resistant
Serious / aggravated resistant

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When is an officer entitled to use reasonable force?

Self defence. 
A lawful arrest. 
Prevent the escape of a subject. 
Prevent a crime bing committed. 
Preserve order.

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Tactical Options Model.

Handcuffs. 
Empty hand techniques. 
Baton. 
Ppe shield. 
Pava. 
Fast straps. 
Specialist tactics. 
Tactical positioning. 
Tactical communication. 
Officer presence. 
Disengagement.

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Zones.

Zone 1 - within 1ft or less
Zone 2 - within arms reach
Zone 3 - effective baton range

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Stay Safe principles.

Use the National decision model 
Don’t approach unnecessarily 
Use cover 
Consider safe approach/ escape routes
Considers safety of others. 
Wear PPE

Components of communication.

Words 7% (actual words spoken, phases & content.)
Vocal 38% (tone volume, pitch and pace)
Body language 55% (gestures & facial expressions)

Five steps positive style of tactical communication

Ethic appeal 
Reasonable appeal and explain 
Personal appeal and options 
Practical appeal - confirmation 
Action.

Five signs when tactical communication may fail.

S A F E R

Security (danger to subject)
Attack (officer may be attacked)
Flight (subject runs away)
Excessive - repetition (no voluntary compliance)
Revised priorities (when the encounter changes and immediate action is needed on a different response option)

The assault cycle

The trigger phase. 
The escalation phase 
The crisis phase 
The recovery phase 
Post crisis depression phase

The attitude cycle

Your manned Affects their attitude Which in turn affects your attitude Which affects their manner.

The chemical cocktail.

In conflict the body releases a range of chemicals to enhance an officers survival ability. ``` Adrenaline Endorphins Dopamine Noradrenaline Cortisol ```

Physiological effects of the chemical cocktail

``` Additional strength Increased pain threshold Increased awareness General muscle tightening Visual slow down Tunnel vision Post incident fatigue ```

Factors Effecting Communications

Disability Environment Selective perception Cross-cultural communication

Duty if a Constable

To prevent and detect crime. Maintain order. Protect life and property.

Police Scotland criteria for use of force.

``` P L A N E Proportionate Legal Accountable Necessary Ethical ```

Types of baton? What is the baton made of? What are the components?

``` Friction lock & positive lock baton. Hardened alloy steel. Cap / end cap Grip portion Extended portion Power safety tip ```

Circumstances where handcuffs could be applied.

Prevent subject from assaulting, injuring or offering violence to a member of the public, themselves or other officers. Prevent a subject from escaping. Prevent a subject from harming themselves.

Rigid handcuff parts.

Rigid handcuff grip / Centre bar / rigid handcuff bar. Top handcuff (nearest to officers thumb) Bottom handcuff (nearest to officers pinky) Key hole side. Palm side. Back strap (where the handcuff fits into the webbed part of the hand between thumb and first finger) Single bar. Double bar. Double locking pins. Finger grooves.

Handcuff rules.

Don’t handcuff yourselves of anyone else to the subject. Don’t handcuff the subject to a fixed object. Don’t apply one handcuff. Don’t handcuff a subject while standing directly in front or behind. Don’t handcuff a subject until under control. Once handcuffed you should be in control at all times!

Handcuff injury potential & symptoms.

``` Handcuff neuropathy. Loss of strength. Weakness of grip. Numbness. Loss of wrist mobility. Diminished light touch sensation on the fingers. Pain in the wrist, hand or fingers. The damage in most cases is simply bruising to the nerves. ```

Rigid handcuff positions.

Back to back. Stacked to the front. Stacked to the rear.

What does PAVA stand for | What % is pava

Pelargonic Acid Anillylamide | 0.3%

What is the maximum range of PAVA and the ideal distance?

Max 4m | Ideally 1.25-2m

Physiological effects of PAVA

``` Hands nice to face. Legs become weak. Upper body bends towards. Whole body shakes. Impaired hearing. Impaired thinking Balance. Muscles tense. ```

Aftercare advice

``` You have been sprayed with PAVA The effects are temporary Do not rub your eyes Face into the wind Breathe normally. ``` Usually subsidies in 15-20mins May be longer for those with contact lenses.

Faststrap width and length.

120cm long 5cm wide Yellow tabs 3.5cm long 5cm wide.

Why would you use a spit hood?

Subject is offering violence through spitting and biting. Threatening to spit. They are spitting and or biting.

What is an ampel probe?

A tool used for search a person, safer than using hands and to look in pockets. It is 12inches long.

What are the areas when conducting a search on someone.

``` 5 separate areas. Head and neck. Upper left Lower left Upper right Lower right. ```

Name the types of cordons

``` Open cordon Staggered cordon Closed cordon Single belt cordon Double belt cordon Reinforced cordon ```

What does TASER stand for? | What does CED stand for?

Thomas A Swift Electronic Rifle | Conducted Energy Devices

Taser parts

``` Probes Wire Blast doors Id discs Dual lasers Front site Rear site Trigger switch Arc switch Performance power magazine Ppm release. Safety switch ```

What is the taser max range.

25ft or 7.6 meters