Osteoarthritis

Question 1

this is the most common type of arthritis. it has a negative impact on physical function. it is the leading cause of disability in the elderly. affects the hip, knee, first NTP, cervical and lumbosacral spine and usually spares the wrist, elbow and ankle

Answer 1

osteoarthritis

Question 2

what is it called when severe osteoarthritis of the hands affects the DISTAL interphalangeal joints

Answer 2

Heberdens nodes

Question 3

what is it called when severe osteoarthritis of the hands affects the PROXIMAL interphalangeal joints

Answer 3

Bouchards nodes

Question 4

true or false: osteoarthritis is more common in women

Answer 4

true

Question 5

this is joint failure, a disease in which all structure of the joint have undergone pathologic change. characterized by
- hyaline articular cartilage loss
- increasing thickness and sclerosis of the subchondral bony plate
- outgrowth of osteophytes at the joint margain
- stretching the articular capsule
- variable degrees of synovitis
- weakness of muscles bridging the joint
- meniscal degeneration in the knees

Answer 5

osteoarthritis

Question 6

what are some joint protective mechanisms?

Answer 6

• joint capsule and ligaments (fixes range of motion)
• synovial fluid (reduces friction - protector against friction-induced cartilage wear)
• sensory afferents (prevent overstretch, etc. - if feel pain body will stop so don’t cause more damage)
• muscles and tendons (minimizes focal stress across the joint)

Question 7

what are some systemic risk factors affecting joint vulnerability

Answer 7

• increased age
• female
• racial/ethinc factors
• genetics (GDF5 gene)
• nutritional factors

Question 8

what are some intrinsic joint vulnerabilities

Answer 8

• previous damage
• increased bone density
• malalignment

Question 9

does this describe varus or valgus malalignment: stress is places across the medial compartment of the knee

Answer 9

varus

Question 10

does this describe varus or valgus malalignment: stress is placed across the lateral compartment of the knee

Answer 10

valgus

Question 11

this is a rare condition which the ball-shaped head of the thigh bone (femoral head) temporally loses its blood supply, therefore the head of the thighbone collapses and the area becomes inflamed and irritated

Answer 11

legg-calve-perthes disease

Question 12

this occurs when the hip socket doesn’t develop properly and is too shallow to cover the head of the thigh bone (femoral head) completely

Answer 12

congenital hip dysplasia

Question 13

this is a disorder of adolescents which the growth plate is damaged and the femoral head moves (slips) which respect to the rest of the femur

Answer 13

slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Question 14

this is made of type II collagen which shock absorbs therefore it has a protective effect

Answer 14

cartilage

Question 15

osteoarthritic process: ________ causes the release of cytokines, DAMP, etc which activates chondrocytes

Answer 15

synovitis

Question 16

osteoarthritic process: chondrocytes produce matrix molecules. bone invasion occurs through the calcified cartilage, triggered by _________________

Answer 16

vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF)

Question 17

sources of pain in OA likely arises from structures _________ (inside/outside) the cartilage because the cartilage has no nerves

Answer 17

outside (e.g. bursae, synovium, muscles, joint capsule)

Question 18

what are some early clinical presentations of OA

Answer 18

activity related pain
- walking, going up stairs, etc
- pain in hands when cooking

Question 19

what are some clinical presentation in later stages of OA

Answer 19

• continuous pain
• brief morning sickness
• buckling, catching, locking
• bursitis

Question 20

this is a benign bone tumour, that form on top of your existing bone tissue; they’re bumps that grown out of one of your bones

Answer 20

exostosis