Osteology

Question 1

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 1

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 2

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 2

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyalurionic acid

Question 3

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 3

Collagen type I

Question 4

What are the primary constituents of the bone matrix?

Answer 4

Calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 5

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 5

Hydroxyapatite

Question 6

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 6

Sodium, Magnesium, Flouride, Lead, Strontium, and Radium

Question 7

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 7

Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

Question 8

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 8

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure, and to age

Question 9

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 9

Mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 10

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 10

Intramembranous ossification

Question 11

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 11

From the second to third month in utero

Question 12

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 12

The skull

Question 13

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 13

Endochondral ossification

Question 14

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 14

From the second to fifth month in utero

Question 15

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 15

The mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 16

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

The clavicle

Question 17

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 17

Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 18

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 18

Subchondral bone

Question 19

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 19

The periosteum

Question 20

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 20

The endosteum

Question 21

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 21

1. Sexual Dimorphism (gender variation)
2. Ontogenetic Variation (growth or age variation)
3. Geographic or Population-based Variation (ethnic variation)
4. Idiosyncratic Variation (individual variation)

Question 22

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 22

Sexual Dimorphism or genetic variation

Question 23

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 23

Ontogenetic Variation

Question 24

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 24

Geographic Variation or population-based variation

Question 25

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 25

Idiosyncratic Variation

Question 26

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 26

1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Paranasal Sinus or Pneumatic bones 6. Sesamoid bones

Question 27

Which classification of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 27

Long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones

Question 28

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

Answer 28

It is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

Question 29

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

Answer 29

The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

Question 30

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

Answer 30

They are essentially cuboidal

Question 31

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 31

Most of the bones of the carpus (except the pisiform) and the tarsus

Question 32

What is the primary characteristic of sesamoid bone?

Answer 32

The bone develops within a tendon

Question 33

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 33

Patella and pisiform

Question 34

Which classification of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

Answer 34

Flat bones, irregular bones, and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

Question 35

What are flat bones?

Answer 35

A thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 36

What are examples of flat bones?

Answer 36

The parietal bone and sternum

Question 37

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

Answer 37

Numerous projections or irregular outlines

Question 38

What are examples of irregular bone?

Answer 38

The vertebrae and innominate bones

Question 39

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

Answer 39

Air spaces within the bone

Question 40

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

Answer 40

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

Question 41

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Answer 41

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid

Question 42

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

Answer 42

Accessory and heterotopic bone

Question 43

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 43

Accessory bone

Question 44

What are examples of accessory bone?

Answer 44

Para-articular processes and bone spurs of vertebrae

Question 45

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

Answer 45

Heterotopic bone

Question 46

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

Answer 46

Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

Question 47

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

Answer 47

1. Elevations 2. Depressions 3. Tunnels or passageways 4. Facets

Question 48

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

Answer 48

During and after puberty

Question 49

What are the types of osseous elevations?

Answer 49

1. Linear 2. Rounded 3. Sharp

Question 50

What are the types of osseous linear elevations?

Answer 50

The line, ridge, and crest

Question 51

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

Answer 51

Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

Question 52

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 52

Spine and Process

Question 53

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 53

Linear and rounded depressions

Question 54

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

Answer 54

Notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

Question 55

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

Answer 55

The fovea and fossa

Question 56

What are the names given to openings on the surface of the bone?

Answer 56

Ostium or orifice and hiatus

Question 57

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

Answer 57

A round or oval opening on the surface of bone

Question 58

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

Answer 58

An irregular opening on the surface of bone

Question 59

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

Answer 59

Foramen or canal

Question 60

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 60

Meatus

Question 61

What are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 61

Flat facets and rounded facets

Question 62

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 62

Articular heads and articular condyles