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Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 > Osteology and Skeleton > Flashcards

Osteology and Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?

A

Epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblasts- form bone
Osteocytes- maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclasts- remodel bone

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3
Q

What is the primary constituent of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen Type I

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5
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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7
Q

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be describes as “living”?

A

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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8
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

Mesenchyme or cartilage

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9
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

From the second to third month in utero

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11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

From the second to fifth month in utero

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12
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

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13
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

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14
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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15
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinuses or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

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16
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?

A

Heterotopic bone and accessory bone

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17
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

Heterotopic bone

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18
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

Accessory bone

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19
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

It is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

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20
Q

What are the names given to parts of a long bone?

A

The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

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21
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

They are essentially cuboidal

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22
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

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23
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

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A

The parietal bone and sternum

24
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

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A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal

25
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
26
What are the consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella and pisiform
27
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments
28
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
29
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
30
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
During and after puberty
31
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
The line, ridge, and crest
32
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus
33
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
34
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear and rounded depressions
35
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
Notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
36
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
The fovea and fossa
37
What are the names given to openings on the surface of the bone?
Ostium or orifice and hiatus
38
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
Foramen or canal
39
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
40
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
41
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
42
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
43
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
44
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
45
How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?
206 bones
46
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
47
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
48
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
49
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
50
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
51
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
52
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
53
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
54
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
55
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
56
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
57
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs

Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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