Osteology: Exam 1

Question 1

Agonist

Answer 1

A muscle whose action is the primary mover in a muscle group.

Question 2

Antagonist

Answer 2

A muscle whose action counteracts that of another specified muscle.

Question 3

Osteoclast

Answer 3

A large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Question 4

Osteoblasts

Answer 4

A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation

Question 5

Osteocytes

Answer 5

A bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

Question 6

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 6

A proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses change in muscle tension. It lies at the origins and insertions of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle.

Question 7

Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 7

Stem cell that can undergo mitotic division and differentiate into an osteoblast. Located in the inner cellular level of the periosteum,endosteum, and lining osteonic canals.

Question 8

Periosteum

Answer 8

A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except the joints of the long bones.

Question 9

Endosteum

Answer 9

A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.

Question 10

Synarthrosis

Answer 10

Joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. (The upper cranial bones are an example of synarthrosis)

Question 11

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 11

Slightly moveable joint (ie pubic symphysis)

Question 12

Diarthrosis

Answer 12

A freely moving joint. Also known as a synovial joint. Most movable joint and most common in the human body.

Question 13

Osteoarthritis

Answer 13

Joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and under lying bone; typically caused by mechanical stress. It develops as cartilage is lost and underlying bone becomes affected.

Question 14

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 14

Long-term auto immune disorder that primarily affects joints. Warm, swollen, painful joints. Most common in wrists and hands, worsens after rest. Involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Question 15

Gouty Arthritis

Answer 15

Die to elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. At high levels uroc acid crystalizes and deposits in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissue resulting in extreme pain. Caused by diet and genetic factors.

Question 16

Falx cerebri

Answer 16

Tough sickle-shaped tract of dura that partially separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain.

Question 17

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 17

A tough sheet of dura that roofs the posterior cranial fossa and takes the weight of the overlying cerebral hemispheres

Question 18

Dura mater

Answer 18

A thick membrane that is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. Derived from the mesoderm. The other two layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Question 19

Arachnoid villae and granulations

Answer 19

Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater through the dura mater. They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the sub arachnoid space and enter the blood stream.

Question 20

Orthognathic

Answer 20

Evolutionarily speaking; flattened face. Opposite of prognathism.

Question 21

Porion

Answer 21

The point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each external auditory meatus. It lies on the superior margin of the tragus.

Question 22

Basion

Answer 22

Located at the midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.

Question 23

Alveolare

Answer 23

Bone of the mandible provides bony support for the teeth.

Question 24

Sphenomaxillary angle

Answer 24

Angle between the most anterior point on the maxilla, the most anterior point on the sphenoid, and the most anterior point on the foramen magnum.

Aka: craniofacial angle

Question 25

Superciliary arch (SCA)

Answer 25

Supraorbital torus divided into three regions: Central glabellar swelling- protrudes anteriorly Superciliary arch (SCA)- Medial portion of arch between glabella and super orbital notch. Supraorbital trigone (SOT)- lateral portion between supraorbital notch and zygomaticofrontal suture.

Question 26

Supraorbital trigone

Answer 26

Supraorbital torus divided into three regions: Central glabellar swelling- protrudes anteriorly Superciliary arch (SCA)- Medial portion of arch between glabella and super orbital notch. Supraorbital trigone (SOT)- lateral portion between supraorbital notch and zygomaticofrontal suture.

Question 27

Synergist

Answer 27

A substance, organ, or other agent that participates together.

Question 28

The oculomotor nerve passes through:

Answer 28

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 29

The optic nerve passes through:

Answer 29

The optic canal of the sphenoid

Question 30

The medial pterygoid muscle maintains the mandibular condyles in the articular fossa:

Answer 30

False: the lateral pterygoid muscle maintains mandibular condyle in the articular fossa

Question 31

Which joint or region can produce the Bennett shift?

Answer 31

Temporomandibular

Question 32

Periosteum is found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Answer 32

False; the periosteum is the thin outermost layer of long bones

Question 33

The mylohyoid and geniohyoid depress the hyoid bone.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

For muscle pairs the muscle performing the work is called the antagonist

Answer 34

False: the muscle performing the work is called the agonist

Question 35

The ophthalmic arteries pass through the:

Answer 35

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 36

What happens when both Lateral pterygoid muscles contract?

Answer 36

The ascending rami of the mandible or pulled to gather

Question 37

The falx cerebri is a fold of Dura matter that supports the cerebellum of the brain

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Osteoarthritis is caused by the overuse of joints which results in the deterioration of articular cartilage

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The sternocleidastoid Rotates the head to the same side as the muscle that flexes

Answer 39

False

Question 40

The hypoglossal canal is found on the

Answer 40

Occipital bone

Question 41

Osteoblasts are mature bone cells that are trapped within a lacuna

Answer 41

False: osteocytes are mature bone cells trapped with an a lacuna

Question 42

The uncinated Process is found on the

Answer 42

Cervical vertebra

Question 43

The most anterior osteometric landmark used to calculate the cranial facial angle is

Answer 43

Prosthion

Question 44

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints resulting inflammation and pain is very common in the big toe

Answer 44

False: gouty arthritis/ gout is uric acid crystals accumulation in the joints

Question 45

The lumbar curve of the spine is also referred to as kyphosis

Answer 45

False

Question 46

The superior orbital fissure is found on the:

Answer 46

Sphenoid

Question 47

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the:

Answer 47

Foramen ovale

Question 48

What structures are not found on the sphenoid?

Answer 48

Answers may very

Question 49

And amphiarthrosis is defined as a freely movable joint

Answer 49

False: a freely movable joint is called Diarthrosis or synovial joint

Question 50

Golgi tendon organs inhibit muscle contraction when they sense too much tendon stretch

Answer 50

True

Question 51

The digastric muscle can depress the mandible

Answer 51

True

Question 52

The elbow joint is an example of synathrosis

Answer 52

False

Question 53

The medial pterygoid muscle can retrude (displace posteriorly) the mandible

Answer 53

False: the medial pterygoid, temporalis, and masseter all elevator the mandible

Question 54

The stylohyoid muscle can retract the mandible

Answer 54

False

Question 55

Synergist are muscles that work together to perform movement

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Which of the below passes through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 56

All: | Ophthalmic, division of the trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic vein, trochlear nerve

Question 57

Which structures are found on the Temporal bone?

Answer 57

Answers may vary | The carotid canal

Question 58

Arachnoid villae arise from the pia mater of the brain

Answer 58

False

Question 59

The vagus nerve passes through the

Answer 59

Jugular Foramen

Question 60

Which group of muscle flexes and rotates the neck?

Answer 60

The scalenes

Question 61

The accessory nerve passes through the

Answer 61

Foramen magnum and jugular foramen

Question 62

The vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the:

Answer 62

Internal auditory meatus

Question 63

Cranial nerve I Olfactory passes through

Answer 63

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid

Question 64

Cranial nerve II Optic passes through

Answer 64

Optic canal of the sphenoid

Question 65

Cranial nerve III oculomotor passes through

Answer 65

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 66

Cranial nerve IV trochlear passes through

Answer 66

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 67

Cranial nerve V the trigeminal: ophthalmic division passes through

Answer 67

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 68

Cranial nerve V trigeminal: mandibular division passes through

Answer 68

Foramen ovale of the sphenoid

Question 69

Cranial nerve VI abducens passes through

Answer 69

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Question 70

Cranial nerve VII facial passes through

Answer 70

The internal acoustic meatus of temporal then divides the branch that goes to muscle of face exits through stylomastoid foramen of temporal

Question 71

Cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear passes through

Answer 71

Internal Auditory meatus of the temporal

Question 72

Cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal passes through

Answer 72

Jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital.

Question 73

Cranial nerve X Vagus passes through

Answer 73

Jugular foramen of temporal and occipital

Question 74

Cranial nerve XI accessory passes through

Answer 74

Part through jugular foramen and part foramen magnum of occipital

Question 75

Cranial nerve XII hypoglossal passes through

Answer 75

Through the hypoglossal canal of the occipital