Osteology Exam I (sternum through skull)

Question 1

What two bones comprise the sternum?

Answer 1

The manubrium and corpus sterni.

Question 2

Describe the costal notches and the sternum.

Answer 2

The first costal notch is inferior to the jugular notch (for the clavicle) on the manubrium. The second is found on the sternal angle, and the remaining 3-7 are found on the lateral sides of the corpus sterni. These are the sites of articulation of the rib heads.

Question 3

What variably ossified featured is sometimes found inferior to the sternum?

Answer 3

The xiphoid process.

Question 4

How is the sternum sided?

Answer 4

The anterior face of the sternum is convex; the posterior side is concave and dips inward.

Question 5

How many ribs does an adult human have? Describe how they differ.

Answer 5

24: 12 on each side. Ribs 1-7 are “true” ribs and articulate directly with the sternum. Ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum through intermediate cartilage and are called “false ribs”. Ribs 11 and 12 have unattached distal ends and are called “floating ribs”.

Rib length typically increases from 1 to 7 and decreases from 7 to 12.

Question 6

The head of the rib (proximal end) bears ______ for attachment to thoracic vertebrae bodies. Which ribs are unifaceted?

Answer 6

demifacets: two articular surfaces. Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 are unifaceted.

Question 7

Describe features of the proximal rib head.

Answer 7

The head and neck: The crest of the rib head separates the two demifacets. The tubercle articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae. The neck is the thinnest portion.

Question 8

Describe the general features of a rib.

Answer 8

Sternal end, caudal edge, cranial edge, shaft, neck, head.

Question 9

What features are unique to the first rib?

Answer 9

The scalene tubercle, on the cranial surface the groove for the subclavian artery and brachail plexus and the groove for the subclavian vein.

Question 10

What is unique about the second rib?

Answer 10

It is intermediate in size between R1 and R3 and has a large tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle in a cranial midshaft position.

Question 11

What are the three major parts of the hyoid bone?

Answer 11

The body and the greater and lesser horns.

Question 12

What encloses the spinal cord posterior to the vertebral body?

Answer 12

The vertebral arch.

Question 13

The short segment of the vertebral arch near the body on the superior side is the

Answer 13

pedicle

Question 14

Posterior to the pedicle is the

Answer 14

lamina

Question 15

The three most prominent processes of a vertebra are the

Answer 15

spinous process and two transverse processes

Question 16

Vertebrae articulate with one another through

Answer 16

pairs of superior and inferior articular facets

Question 17

The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are unique in that they have

Answer 17

transverse foramina that form a path for the vertebral arteries

Question 18

The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are unique in that they are usually

Answer 18

bifurcated

Question 19

The superior surface of the body of a cervical vertebrae is cup-shaped with the edges marked off by

Answer 19

uncinate processes

Question 20

Describe three features of the lateral portions of cervical transverse processes

Answer 20

posterior and anterior tubercles and intertubercular lamina.

Question 21

The ___ of the atlas are concave and elongate and receive the condyles of the occipital bone.

Answer 21

superior articular facets of the atlas.

Question 22

In turning one’s head, the atlas pivots on the ___ of the ___.

Answer 22

dens/odontoid process of the axis.

Question 23

C7 can be distriguished because it retains transverse foramina but has a

Answer 23

larger spinous process reminiscent of a thoracic vertebrae.

Question 24

Give the numbers of the different vertebrae

Answer 24

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

Question 25

Rib heads articulate to the transverse processes of most thoracic vertebrae through

Answer 25

costal facets formed by a pair of demifacets

Question 26

Which thoracic vertebrae possess a full facet for rib articulation?

Answer 26

T1, T10, T11, and T12.

Question 27

Describe the angle range for thoracic transverse processes

Answer 27

T1 is near 180 degrees and T10-12 near 90 degrees

Question 28

Which thoracic vertebrae possesses a full facet and a demifacet?

Answer 28

T1

Question 29

Describe the unique features of T10-T12

Answer 29

All have a complete, superiorly located costal facet. T10 has costal articulations on the transverse processes, T11 and 12 do not, and the inferior articular facets of T12 assume the lumbar pattern.

Question 30

A hatchet shaped spinous process would belong to a

Answer 30

lumbar vertebrae

Question 31

Two additional processes possessed by lumbar vertebrae are the

Answer 31

mamillary and accessory processes

Question 32

The superior articular facets of lumber vertebrae are ___ while the inferior articular facets are \_\_\_

Answer 32

concave, convex

Question 34

What happens to the sacral vertebrae during adolescence?

Answer 34

They fuse to form the sacrum.

Question 35

The broad anterosuperior surface of the sacrum that articulates with L5 is the

Answer 35

sacral plateau

Question 36

The anterior midline projection of the sacral plateau is the

Answer 36

sacral promontory

Question 37

The parts of the first sacral element that sweep out laterally from the centrum are the

Answer 37

alae

Question 38

The lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae are the

Answer 38

transverse ridges

Question 39

The lateral aspects of the sacrum that contributes to the sacroiliac joint are the

Answer 39

auricular surfaces

Question 40

The roughened area posterior to the auricular surface of the sacrum that attaches the sacroiliac muscles is the

Answer 40

sacral tuberosity

Question 41

Viewing the sacrum anteriorly, it can be divided into \_\_, \_\_, and \_\_\_.

Answer 41

lateral part, centrum, and lateral part.

Question 42

The ___ allow for the passage of the sacral nerves

Answer 42

sacral foramina

Question 43

What allows for articulation with the inferior articular processes of the 5th lumbar vertebrae

Answer 43

The superior articular processes and facets of the sacrum that project up on the posterior border.

Question 44

The rough, convex, posterior-facign surface of the sacrum is the. At the center of this is the

Answer 44

dorsal surface; median sacral crest.

Question 45

Internal passages formed by the fusion of superior and inferior sacral vertebral notches are the

Answer 45

intervertebral foramina.

Question 46

The feature located just laterally to the sacral foramina is the

Answer 46

lateral sacral crest

Question 47

The feature found just medial to the sacral foramina but before the median sacral crest is the

Answer 47

intermediate sacral crest

Question 48

The three crests found on the posterior portion of the sacrum are the

Answer 48

median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crests, and lateral sacral crests.

Question 49

The vertebral foramen pathway is continued in the sacrum as the

Answer 49

sacral canal.

Question 50

The protion most inferior on the posterior side of the sacrum where the dorsal wall is absent is the __ and is bounded by the

Answer 50

sacral hiatus; sacral cornu

Question 51

The narrow inferior tip of the sacrum that includes the articular facet for the coccyx is the

Answer 51

apex of the sacrum

Question 52

The suture between the temporal and parietal bones is the

Answer 52

squamos suture

Question 53

The two sutures of the cranium that form the bregma are the

Answer 53

coronal and sagittal sutures

Question 54

The suture between the occipital and parietal bones is the

Answer 54

lambdoid suture

Question 55

The suture that lies between the occipital and sphenoid is the

Answer 55

basilar suture

Question 56

The osteological term for the forehead is the

Answer 56

frontal squama

Question 57

The original centers of ossification of the frontal bone are the

Answer 57

frontal eminences, tubers, or bosses.

Question 58

The attachment for the temporalis muscle on the lateral ectocranial side of the frontal bone is the

Answer 58

temporal line

Question 59

The most lateral and anterior corners of the frontal bone are the

Answer 59

zygomatic processes

Question 60

Describe features around the upper eye orbits.

Answer 60

A supraorbital foramen (or notch) exists on the supraorbital margin. The supracilliary arches are superior to this (where the eyebrows are).

Question 61

The suture connecting the right and left frontal halves (sometimes obliterated in adults) is the

Answer 61

metopic suture

Question 62

The vertical groove running down the midline of the endocranial surface is the

Answer 62

sagittal sulcus

Question 63

At its most inferior and anterior region, the sagittal sulcus becomes the

Answer 63

frontal crest

Question 64

A foramen of varying size found at the root of the frontal crest is the

Answer 64

foramen cecum.

Question 65

The endocranial portion of the frontal bone bears various

Answer 65

meningeal grooves

Question 66

The horizontal portion of the frontal bone which on its inferior ectocranial side borders the eye is the

Answer 66

pars orbitalis (orbital plate)

Question 67

The gap that separates the two orbital plates of the frontal bone is the

Answer 67

ethmoid notch

Question 68

The features found at the lateral, inferior parts of the inferior orbital surfaces of the frontal are the

Answer 68

lacrimal fossae

Question 69

Features anterior to the ethmoid notch that may be used for forensic identification due to their variation are the

Answer 69

frontal sinuses

Question 70

Describe the angles present on the parietal bones

Answer 70

Frontal angle (at bregma), sphenoidal angle (at pterion), occipital angle (at lambda), and mastoid angle (at asterion).

Question 71

Siding parietal bones can be accomplished by observed what near the mastoid angle on the endocranial surface?

Answer 71

The sigmoid sulcus (posterior and inferior).

Question 72

Located near the sagittal suture near lambda on parietal bones.

Answer 72

Parietal foramen.

Question 73

The ___ \_\_\_ is a continuation of the same feature on the frontal bone when two parietal bones are articulated together

Answer 73

Sagittal sulcus

Question 74

Parietal bones on the ectocranial surface inferior side possess

Answer 74

parietal striae

Question 75

An endocranial feature of parietal bones near the frontal angle is the

Answer 75

archanoid fovea

Question 76

Running across the ectocranial surface of parietal bones are

Answer 76

the superior and inferior temporal lines

Question 77

The ectocranial surface of the temporal bone bears the ___ which articulates with the parietals along the squamous suture.

Answer 77

temporal squama

Question 78

The superior root of the zygomatic process is the ___ \_\_\_, which becomes the ___ \_\_\_ posteriorly.

Answer 78

suprameatal crest; supramastoid crest.

Question 79

The thin, pointed bony rod that points anteroinferiorly from teh base of the temporal bone

Answer 79

styloid process

Question 80

Foramen between the mastoid and styloid process

Answer 80

styloidmastoid process

Question 81

The three auditory ossicles are the

Answer 81

incus, malleus (hammer), and stapes (staple)