Osteology & Neuromuscular Systems in General Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
anterior - posterior
A
front - back
2
Q
ventral - dorsal
A
stomach - back
3
Q
superior - inferior
A
higher - lower
4
Q
proximal - distal
A
closer to midline - further away from midline
5
Q
superficial - deep
A
closer to outside - closer to inside
6
Q
ipsilateral - contralateral
A
same side - different side
7
Q
What creates tubercles on bone?
A
- as muscle pulls, it forms a bump over time
8
Q
Where does growth in long bones take place?
A
- happens in epiphyseal plates, growing in opposite directions
9
Q
metaphysis
A
- between epiphysis and diaphysis
- contains growth plate and “new” bone
10
Q
diaphysis
A
- shaft or central part of long bone
11
Q
periosteum
A
- connective tissue around bone
12
Q
Where are RBC’s made and mature?
A
- red blood cells growing and maturing in shaft of long bone
13
Q
How do bones get nutrients?
A
- blood vessels enter bone through nutrient foramens
14
Q
joint
A
- where two bones meet
15
Q
fibrous joints
A
- suture
- syndesmosis
16
Q
Give an example of a suture joint
A
i. e. joints between skull bones
- there is movement in sutures (why newborn heads look misshapen, allows them to move through birth canal)
17
Q
Give an example of a synovial joint
A
- i.e. middle ear
18
Q
Give an example of a syndesmosis joint
A
- i.e. joint between radius and ulna
19
Q
What are the four characteristics of synovial joints?
A
- tips of ends covered in hyaline cartilage (never ossify)
- synovial membrane on inside
- filled with synovial fluid
- periosteum gets thicker as it’s passing over meeting point (fibrous capsules)
20
Q
Where does synovial fluid come from?
A
- secreted by synovial membrane
21
Q
synovial membrane
A
- connective tissue that can secrete synovial fluid
- sitting on capsule of joint
22
Q
fusiform muscle
A
- skeletal
- elongated
- has a belly
- both ends have tendons
23
Q
quadrate muscle
A
- skeletal
- has a belly & tendons
- long in both directions
- i.e. abdominal muscles
24
Q
circular (sphincteral) muscle
A
- skeletal
- two tendons
- circular in shape
- most openings are sphincteral
- contracting makes opening smaller
25
skeletal muscle
- muscle tissue attached to bone
26
Explain how muscle functions
- only actively contracts
| - passively stretches
27
flat muscle
- skeletal
- flat
- i.e. lateral aspect of abdominal wall
28
unipennate muscle
- skeletal
| - looks like half feather
29
bipennate muscle
- skeletal muscle
| - looks like feather
30
multipennate muscle
- skeletal
| - i.e. bicep
31
flexion
- when angle between two bones that are articulating gets smaller
32
extension
- when angle between two bones that are articulating gets bigger
33
abduction
- away (bringing arm away from midline)
34
adduction
- toward (bringing arm toward midline)
35
medial rotation
- internal rotation
36
lateral rotation
- external rotation
37
Where in human body do pronation and supination take place?
- only happens in humans in the forearm
38
isometric deltoid muscle contraction
- holding arm in abduction
| - length of muscle does not change
39
concentric deltoid muscle contraction
- muscle shortens to raise arm in abduction
40
eccentric deltoid muscle contraction
- muscle lengthens to lower arm in adduction
- gravity brings arm down
- muscle lengthens & tightens (antigravity --> using muscles to counteract gravity)
41
superficial fascia
- deep to the skin
- filled and packed with fat cells
- contains blood vessels and nerves
42
deep fascia
- thin membrane covering muscles
| - envelops muscles and keeps them nicely packaged (protection against infection)
43
veins
- company of them can be associated with artery
- typically still have blood in them after death
- found superficially to arteries
44
central nervous system
- brain
| - spinal cord
45
sensory neurons
- afferent
- info into CNS
- pseudounipolar --> almost all have cell body outside CNS
46
motor neurons
- efferent
- info out of CNS
- effector organ (muscles) told to contract
- multipolar (cell body within CNS)
47
divisions of peripheral nervous system
- somatic nervous system = sensory & motor to all parts of the body wall
- autonomic nervous system = motor to all viscera
48
dorsal horn
- contains cell bodies (within spinal cord)
49
number of cervical vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 8 cervical spinal nerves
- C1 nerve above C1 vertebra, C8 nerve below C7 vertebra!
50
number of thoracic vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
| - 12 thoracic spinal nerves
51
number of lumbar vertebrae and spinal nerves?
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
| - 5 lumbar spinal nerves
52
dermatomes
- map of skin and innervation that is predictable
- T2 n. innervates skin above angle of Louis
- T4 n. innervates skin above nipple
- T10 n. innervates skin above bellybutton
