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Extra - Clinical Chemistry > OTC Testing > Flashcards

OTC Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Factors Which May Increase LH Levels - Medications (3)

A

Menotropins
Clomiphene
GnRH agonist

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2
Q

Factors Which May Increase LH Levels - Other Causes (7)

A 
Endometriosis
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ovarian failure
Hyperthyroidism (TSH)
PTH and gonadotropin producing neoplasia
Menopause
Pregnancy
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3
Q

Factors Which May Decrease LH Levels

A

Danazol
• Estrogen/oral contraceptives
• Pituitary failure
• Certain hypothalmic defects

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4
Q

What causes High FSH Values - 3

A

Start of puberty
• Menopause
• Premature ovarian
failure

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5
Q

What causes Low FSH Values - 5

A 
Prevents egg
formation
• Stress
• Low body weight
• Tumors of ovarian,
hypothalamus, or
pituitary gland
• Polycystic ovary
syndrome
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6
Q

Detection Window in Urine -Marijuana

/Cannabinoids

A

single use: 2 – 7 days

chronic use: 1 – 2 months

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7
Q

Detection Window in Urine -Cocaine

A

2 – 4 days

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8
Q

Detection Window in Urine -Morphine/Codeine

/Opiates

A

2 – 3 days

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9
Q

Detection Window in Urine -Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

14 days

chronic use: 30 days

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10
Q

Detection Window in Urine -Amphetamines

A

1 – 2 days

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11
Q

Urine Validity Testing - Markers: 4

A

Specific Gravity, Creatinine, Nitrites, pH

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12
Q

What Elevates Serum Creatinine - 9

A 
Dehydration
• Renal dysfunction
• Urinary tract obstruction
• Excess catabolism
• Overexercising
• Hyperthyroidism
• Muscular dystrophy
• Hyperpyrexia
• Myasthenia gravis
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13
Q

What assays can be used to determine SCr levels? - 3

A

Jaffe Reaction, Enzymatic Essay, HPLC

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14
Q
  1. What clinical factors may justify 24-hour urine collection to calculate CrCl or GFR? - 6
A 
Extremes of age and body size
Severe malnutrition or obesity
Disease of skeletal muscle
Paraplegia or quadriplegia
Vegetarian diet
Pregnancy
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15
Q

What is BUN checked for? - 5

A

Presence or progression of kidney or liver
disease (renal function and catabolism in liver)
• Blockage of urine flow (renal function)
• Mental confusion (patients with kidney failure
are sometimes disoriented and confused)
• Abnormal loss of water from the body
dehydration (hydration)
• Recovery from severe burns

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16
Q

What could result in elevated BUN levels?

A

• Kidney disease or failure
• Blockage of the urinary tract by a kidney
stone or tumor
• Heart attack or congestive heart failure
• Low blood pressure
• Dehydration; fever; shock;
• Bleeding in the digestive tract
• Sometimes occurs during late pregnancy
• Eating large amounts of protein-rich foods

17
Q

BUN:SCr > 20 Indicates

A

renal failure by
prerenal causes (each has to also be
outside normal limits)
– GI bleeding

18
Q

BUN:SCr = 10-20

A

normal or postrenal

19
Q

BUN:SCr < 10

A

suggests intrinsic kidney

damage

20
Q

What factors can cause urine turbidity?

A

– Phosphates, urates (uric acid)
– RBCs, WBCs
– Proteins, bile acids

21
Q

Which drugs can lead to urine color changes?

Red to Orange

A

Drugs that cause muscle damage, hemolysis,liver damage
As dye:
doxorubicin, daunorubicin, rifampin,
phenazopyridine, dantron, chlorpromazine,
chlorzoxazone

22
Q

Which drugs can lead to urine color changes? Blue to green

A

As dye: amitriptyline, azuresin, methylene blue,

mitoxantrone, triamterene, resorcinol

23
Q

Which drugs can lead to urine color changes? Brown to black

A

Drugs that cause muscle damage, hemolysis, liver damage
As dye: chloroquine, primaquine, metronidazole
and nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides

24
Q

What are assessed during microscopic urinalysis? - 3

A

Assess three “Cs” – Cells, Casts, Crystals
– Microorganisms, RBC, WBC, tubular epithelial cells
(normal range: zero to trace)
– Cylindrical masses of glycoproteins formed in the
tubules
– Crystal presence in the urine depends on pH and
saturation of substances.

25
Q

What are typically included in a dipstick urinalysis - 12

A 
Protein 
Leukocyte Esterase
pH 
Nitrite zero
Specific Gravity
Glucose
Bilirubin
Ketones
Urobilinogen
Electrolytes
Blood and Hemoglobin
%FENa 1-2%
26
Q

Causes/Risks for CKD

A

• Diabetes
• Hypertension (CKD also causes hypertension)
• Glomerulonephritis
• Family history of kidney disease
• Kidney stones, tumors or an enlarged prostate
gland in men
• Repeated urinary infections

27
Q

Drugs that Inhibit Tubular

Excretion of Creatinine - 8

A
  • Cimetidine
  • Triamterene
  • Amiloride
  • Spironolactone
  • Trimethoprim
  • Probenecid
  • Aspirin
  • Pyrimethamine
28
Q

Quantitation Methods for

Urate -3

A
  • Phosphotungstic acid methods
  • Uricase methods
  • HPLC methods
29
Q

Gout: Major causes - 5

A 
– Renal disease
– Starvation or high protein weight reduction
diets (metabolic overproduction)
– Tissue damage
– Radiation therapy
– Cancer chemotherapy
30
Q

What are the main features of nephrotic syndrome? - 4

A
  • Striking proteinuria
  • low albumin with increase of α2 globulin
  • Increase in SCr, BUN, and uric acid
  • Lipids in urine
31
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Prerenal Causes - 3

A 
• Prerenal:
– Tubular injury which impairs the
readsorption/secretion process
– circulatory obstruction
– kidney stone
32
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Postrenal Causes - 3

A

• Postrenal
– bladder tumors
- enlarged prostate
- stones

33
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Main Features - 3

A
  • Decrease in urine output
  • Increase in SCr and BUN
  • Electrolyte and acid/base alterations
34
Q

Primary Functions

of the Liver - 4

A 
• Synthesis:
– albumin, lipoproteins
• Metabolism
– Hemoglobin, hormones, amino acids
• Detoxification
– Drugs, environmental toxins, alcohol
• Excretion
35
Q

Liver Function Tests - 6

A 
ü Total Serum protein (6.4-8.3 g/dL)
ü Albumin (3.5 -5.5 g/dL)
ü PT time
• Bilirubin
• Ammonia
Ø Enzymes (ALP,AST,ALT, GGTP, LDH)

Extra - Clinical Chemistry (3 decks)

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