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1
Q

Define the Addiction Cycle stages (5)

A

social drug taking which induces a hedonic, pleasureable effect

positive reinforcement

drug taking compulsive pattern with escalating compulsive use and then dependence

negative withdrawal states trigger craving

transition from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement in dependent people, relapse very likely

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2
Q

Where are illicit drugs marketed (2)

A

manufactured legitimately in middle income countries with weak drug laws or poor enforcement

manufactured in clandestine underground labs

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3
Q

Phases of substance abuse (5)

A

intoxication/overdose

withdrawal/detoxification

abstinence initiation/use reduction

relapse prevention

sequelae - psychosis/agitation

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4
Q

Pharmacological Treatment Strategies (4)

A

agonist/partial agonist - replacement/substitution

antagonist - blockade

aversive - negative reinforcement

correction of underlying/associated disorders eg depression

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5
Q

Name the drugs with no pharmacological treatment and name what treatment is used instead for all (6)

A

Cocaine

Methamphetamine

Hallucinogenics

Cannabis

Solvents/Inhalants

CBT therapy

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6
Q

Social deficit is known to be a key characteristic in addiction. Name co-conditions and two studies that support this. (7)

A

schizophrenia

autism

PTSD

depression

anxiety

in women with depression who inject drugs, social support prevents non fatal overdose - Paybala et Al 2013

in women with depression who inject drugs, social support decreases substance abuse - Nargiso et Al 2014

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7
Q

What are the effects and uses of oxytocin (2)

A

used as a treatment for anxiety

antagonises V1 receptors (ADH) that increase stres and increase chance of relapse

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8
Q

Name two other unexplored novel methods for drug addiction (2)

A

blocking drug memory reconsolidation

vaccines - make a cocaine-bacteria complex and then provide antibodies

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9
Q

What biological samples can be taken in order to detect drugs? (5)

A

blood

breath

urine

saliva

hair

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10
Q

Uses, Pros and Cons of immunoassays (3)

A

ketamine, cocaine, THC, methamphetamine, BZDs

simple, rapid, visual interpretation, on site detection

questions around sensitivity and detection times

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11
Q

Uses, and how to use urine test strips (3)

A

used for cannabis, opiates, methamphetamines, methadrone, cocains, BZDs and amphetamines

15 second absorption, lay test on clean surface and let lines develop

negative results are immediate, positive results take at least 5 minutes

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12
Q

Pros and cons of GC-MS (5)

A

Lab test - con

reliable - pro

sensitive - pro

screening of multiple substances - pro

quantitative - pro

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13
Q

Pros and cons of IR Spectroscopy (6)

A

specific unamibgious identification - pro

reliable - pro

rapid - pro

portable - pro

extensive drug library is required - containing legal highs, pharmecuetical and common compounds - con

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14
Q

Methods of keeping up with makers and users of designer drugs (9)

A

designer drugs are often modified versions of existing drugs

failed pharmaceuticals or research compounds

internet and detective work

amnesty bins from clubs and festivals are searched for unopened packages to be tested

police and border agency test on substances found in arrests and seizures

hospital admissions

questionnaires - test for brand names only

in any sewage or pooled urine with no female samples, can be tested for new drugs also.

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15
Q

Name the two most important drug laws (2)

A

Misuse of Drugs Act in 1971

UN General Assembly for Special Sessions on Drugs

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16
Q

Mechanism and cons of voltammetry (3)

A

small carbon fibre electrodes are inserted directly into the brain

electrode oxidises NT and transfer of electrons is measured as a small current

currently limited to a few comopounds - DA, nA, 5-ht and NO

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17
Q

Mechanism of large organ baths (4)

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A

used only for large vessels

segments are mounted as a ring preparation on two fixed steel hooks

kept in a chamber with physiological salt solution, 37 degrees oxygen and Krebs

isometric tension recording is performed

18
Q

How are brain slices kept alive? (1)

Study These Flashcards
A

with heated oxygenated artificial CSF

19
Q

What are all methods of testing effects of drugs of abuse? (9)

Study These Flashcards
A

Voltammetry

Large Organ Baths

self-administration

oral and IV dosage

microdialysis

animal models

brain slices

receptor binding studies

western BLOT

20
Q

Measurements of Cellular Function (5)

Study These Flashcards
A

mRNA and protein expression

cell proliferationn and migration

release of diffusible factors

short term vs long term changes

reversible vs permanent changes

21
Q

What are the methods of studying drugs of abuse in vivo and what are the cons (5)

Study These Flashcards
A

examine mechanisms in detail and screen for specific receptor activity

compare function in control subjects vs addicts (animal models, pharmacological profiles and toxicology)

difficult to study long term

some limited info on metabolism is provided

some limited info on afferent and efferent connections

22
Q

What are the reasons people provide for taking designer drugs (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

New experience

avoid law

avoid drug testing

23
Q

Misuse of Drugs Act (2)

Study These Flashcards
A

1971

created the classes A-C

24
Q

Psychoactive Substances Act (4)

Study These Flashcards
A

2016

integrates legal highs

restricts production, sale and supply of legal highs

excludes alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and food

25
What feature of a drug is legalisation based upon and why? (2)
receptor pharmacology least variable option as opposed receptor interaction, versions of old drugs and chemical receptors
26
Definition of a Psychoactive substance (2)
a substance that that stimulates/depresses CNS or effects emotional or mental state must be proven pharmacologically in in vivo tests
27
What are the benefits of the PSA (3)
government looks less powerless legal highs are much harder to study and become very expensive classification prevents research from being sidetracked as legal highs can be grouped into previously studied substances
28
Which molecules are difficult to classify and why? (8)
Mephedrone - acts on the same receptors as MDMA but with much worse receptor interaction. Leads to addiction, tachycardia, hyponatraemia and hypertension Synthetic cannabis - primarily analgesic as it has different receptor interactions that mean behavioural effects require a lower dose. Has lead to 4 deaths and long-term psych) 2-C series have the same structure except an iodine/bromine switch has been known to cause delirium Modafinil as its legal to possess but illegal to import, nootropic in the PSA but has positively documented behavioural effects
29
What are the effects of health and social care of drugs of abuse? (2)
increases impact of mental health services, A&E and end of life services increases burden on NHS, social care, local authorities or substance misuse commissions
30
Which drugs effect the CNS? (6)
alcohol cocaine MDMA solvents glues ketamine
31
Which drugs affect the liver? (2)
alcohol ecstasy
32
Which drugs are neurotoxic? (2)
amphetamines ecstasy
33
Which drugs are linked with dementia and depression? (1)
alcohol
34
Which drugs are linked with psychosis and anxiety? (3)
opioids, PCP and amphetamines
35
Which drugs can cause memory loss? (1)
cannabis
36
Which drugs have anorectic effects (2)
cocaine amphetamines
37
What is NPSAD and what are its functions? (5)
National Programme of Substance Abuse Disorders surveillance system on drug deaths - coroners of England, forensic toxicologists, pathologists, general mortality registers analysis of drug mortality and substances involved, date of birth, date of death, address of residence, address of death, health history, drug history, prescription history, post mortem results, toxicology, cause of death, coroners verdict act as an early warning system indicator of prevalence
38
MPA (5)
Methiopropramine 42 cases of MPA post mortem always combined with other drugs 1/2 known drug abusers and a 1/3 had mental health issues 90% male, mean 36 years 15-56 years
39
Ethylphenidate (4)
28 cases post mortem combined in 26 cases 1/2 known drug users and a 1/4 had mental health issues 2/3 male, mean 31, 18-58 years
40
What are the different laws on possession based upon the PSA, TCDO and MoDA? (3)
PSA - cannot punish for possession and proof of psychoactivity is required TCDO - cant punish for personal possession and no need to prove its psychoactive MoDA - can punish for personal possession and no need to prove its psychoactive
41
What is the TCDO (1)
Temporary Class Drug Order

PPDA (14 decks)

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