Other

Question 1

Function of neutrophils

Answer 1

Ingest and digest bacteria, releases ROS and enzymes

Question 2

Function of eosinophils

Answer 2

Attacks helminths, release peroxidase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonucleases, lipase, plasminogen and major basic protein

Question 3

Function of basophils

Answer 3

Releases heparin for anticoagulation, histamine for vasodilation

Question 4

Function of monocytes

Answer 4

Phagocytosis, APC, cytokine production

Question 5

Lifespan of neutrophils?

Answer 5

3-6 hour lifespan

Question 6

Neutrophils differentiate from _____ in bone marrow (same as RBCs).

Answer 6

Myeloid precursors, takes 7-10 days

Question 7

How long does it take until myeloid precursors differentiate into neutrophils?

Answer 7

7-10 days

Question 8

Myeloblast

Answer 8

Minimally granulated, scant cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus (correlates with ribosomal RNA pumping out tRNA, more primitive)

Question 9

Promyelocyte

Answer 9

Abundant primary granules

Question 10

Myelocyte

Answer 10

Secondary or “specific” granules (for specific pathogens)

Question 11

List stage progressions of cells maturing.

Answer 11

1) Myeloblast
2) Promyelocyte
3) Myelocyte
4) Matured non-dividing cells

Question 12

IL-3 function/effects

Answer 12

IL-3 affects many marrow tissues and provides proliferative and survival signals.

Also stimulates the growth of multiple myeloid cell types, involved in delay type hypersensitivity.

Question 13

GM-CSF (Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor) function

Answer 13

GM-CSF promotes proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitors and monocytes

Question 14

G-CSF (Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) function

Answer 14

G-CSF stimulates growth of neutrophilic progenitors, acts in synergy with IL-3 on primitive myeloid cells and activates mature neutrophils.

Directs negative feedback regulation.

Question 15

Clinical use of G-CSF and GM-CSF?

Answer 15

Raises neutrophil count and reduce the incidence of sepsis

Question 16

T and B cells histological appearance?

Answer 16

Small (slightly bigger than RBC), mononuclear cells.

Unable to distinguish T cells from B cells by morphology

Question 17

NK and CD8+ T cells histological appearance?

Answer 17

Large granular lymphocytes

Question 18

Function of platelets in thrombus formation

Answer 18

Form a haemostatic plug and initiate thrombus formation

Question 19

Thrombocytopoiesis

Answer 19

Thrombus formation

Question 20

Describe formation of hemostatic plug

Answer 20

Collagen receptor on platelets bind to collagen, release substances that attract other platelets, which release clotting agents

Question 21

How do platelets repair microscopic vascular damage that occurs daily?

Answer 21

Via VEGF, PDGF and TGF-beta release at sites of vascular injury.

Question 22

Platelets are derived from?

Answer 22

Megakaryocyte-erythryoid progenitor (MEP)

Question 23

Endomitosis

Answer 23

Keeps dividing and not separating so it becomes large (up to 128N compared to the normal 2N, huge amount of DNA)

Question 24

Platelets also bind to the ____ receptor.

Answer 24

TPO receptor (c-Mpl)

Question 25

TPO is produced in the?

Answer 25

Produced in the liver and kidney - secreted constitutively

Question 26

Once platelet is bound to the TPO receptor, what happens?

Answer 26

Conformational change in the homodimeric receptor stimulates the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase JAK2 which activates the STAT-5 pathway which stimulates proliferation and differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytic/platelet progenitors

Question 27

Tyrosine kinase JAK2 activates?

Answer 27

Activates the STAT-5 pathway

Question 28

Activation of STAT5 pathway stimulates?

Answer 28

Proliferation and differentiation of haemopoetic stem cells and megakaryotic/platelet progenitors

Question 29

Platelets bind free TPO and degrade it, but when platelet count is low?

Answer 29

Less TPO removed, so more is available to stimulate megakaryocyte production

Question 30

Composition of plasma

Answer 30

Mostly water (90%) and soluble clotting factors (fibrinogen; factor 13, von Willebrand factor, factor 8; vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors 2, 7, 9 and 10)

Question 31

Plasma can last how long in storage?

Answer 31

1 year at -18 degrees

Question 32

What can plasma test indicate?

Answer 32

- Multiple acquired coagulation factor deficiency - Inherited single plasma factor deficiency for which no coagulation factor concentrate exists - Liver failure - Massive transfusion - Thrombotic microangiopathies, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome

Question 33

Group AB plasma is?

Answer 33

Universally compatible with all patients

Question 34

Group O plasma is only compatible with?

Answer 34

Patients with group O RBCs

Question 35

Cryoprecipitate?

Answer 35

This is a distilled version of the plasma clotting factors

Question 36

RH intravenous immunoglobulin is for?

Answer 36

Prevention of D antigen alloimmunization

Question 37

Therapeutic effect of RH intravenous immunoglobulin?

Answer 37

Therapeutic effect is thought to be caused by antibody feedback with T-cell suppression of the B-cell clone responsible for the formation of anti-D antibody