Other bits and bobs

Question 1

Hormone profile of Klinefelter’s

Answer 1

Low testosterone, high SHBG, high FSH and LH

Question 2

Treatment for Actinomyces

Answer 2

Penicillin G

Question 3

Stages of syphilis

Answer 3

Primary: chancre (indurated painless ulcer)
Secondary: fever, malaise, rash, mouth ulcers, condylomata lata
Latent: not sexually transmissible
Tertiary: Gumma, charcot’s joints
Quaternary: Neurosyphilis, cardiovascular complications

Question 4

Antibody-antigen complexes activate which pathway of complement?

Answer 4

Classical

Question 5

Treatment for syphyilis

Answer 5

Penicillin G (IV)

Question 6

Day of division for twins

Answer 6

DCDA = day 3 (morula)
MCDA = day 4-8 (blastocyst)
MCMA = day 9-12
Conjoint = 12+

Question 7

Features of Conn’s syndrome

Answer 7

Hypernatraemia, hypokalaemia and alkalosis (increased aldosterone)

Question 8

Blood gas findings in PE

Answer 8

Hypoxia, hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis

Question 9

DKA blood gas

Answer 9

Low pH, normal K+, low bicarbonate, increased anion gap

Question 10

Cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2

Answer 10

Th1 produces cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-y and IL-2
Th2 produce cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13

Question 11

3 types of professional APCs

Answer 11

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells

Question 12

Liver and biliary system and differentiated through the invagination of which structure?

Answer 12

Septum transversum

Question 13

Embryological origin of skeletal muscle (except skull)

Answer 13

Paraxial mesoderm

Question 14

JVP abnormality in AF

Answer 14

Absent A wave (A wave in JVP = P wave in ECG)

Question 15

At what gestation are the fetal consequences of toxoplasmosis more severe?

Answer 15

<10 weeks (maternal-fetal transmission risk increases as the pregnancy progresses but the consequences become less severe)

Question 16

What is the most common Type II congenital thrombophilia?

Answer 16

Factor V leiden mutation

Question 17

Difference between type I and type II coagulation disorders

Answer 17

Type I = deficient anticoagulation factors
Type II = excessive coagulation factors

Question 18

Features of mucinous cystadenomas

Answer 18

Usually large
Multilocular
Thin walled septa
Locules may vary in echogenecity due to variation in fluid content

Question 19

Classic signs of Wolff Parkinson White syndrome on ECG

Answer 19

Short PR and delta waves

Question 20

Which hormones stimulate ductal moprhogenesis during pregnancy?

Answer 20

Oestrogen and GH

Question 21

Which hormones stimulate alveolar morphogenesis during pregnancy?

Answer 21

Progesterone, prolactin and hPL

Question 22

What molecules generate weak forces that can attract neutrophils to cell walls?

Answer 22

Selectins

Question 23

Target HbA1c (%) in pregnant women with diabetes

Answer 23

6.5%

Question 24

Where is the chloride shift phenomenon seen?

Answer 24

Red blood cells

Question 25

Major hydrogen ion buffer in the blood

Answer 25

Haemoglobin

Question 26

What is the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes?

Answer 26

Always catalyses hydroxylations

Question 27

What molecule do hepatocytes use to produce primary bile acids?

Answer 27

Cholesterol

Question 28

Most common cause of hyperprolactinaemia

Answer 28

Primary hypothyroidism

Question 29

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of prolactin?

Answer 29

TRH

Question 30

What enzyme converts androstenedione to estradiol?

Answer 30

CYP 19 aromatase

Question 31

Best study design for evaluating diagnostic test

Answer 31

Cross-sectional study

Question 32

Best study design for treatment

Answer 32

RCT

Question 33

Best study design for prognosis

Answer 33

Cohort study

Question 34

What is the UK definition of maternal mortality rate?

Answer 34

The number of maternal deaths per 100000 women whose pregnancy ended within 42 days of livebirth, stillbirth, miscarriage or abortion

Question 35

Most common gynaecological cancer in the UK

Answer 35

Endometrial

Question 36

Down syndrome screening results

Answer 36

Decreased alphafetoprotein, increased human chorionic gonadotrophin, decreased unconjugated estriol and increased inhibin

Question 37

Patau syndrome presentation

Answer 37

Renal abnormalities, omphalocele, holoprosencephaly and polydactyly

Question 38

What is the most common autosomal trisomy found in early pregnancy loss?

Answer 38

Trisomy 16

Question 39

Tuberous sclerosis mode of inheritance

Answer 39

Autosomal dominant

Question 40

Which subunits are found in fetal haemoglobin?

Answer 40

2 alpha and 2 gamma

Question 41

Which kind of diathermy can only coagulate

Answer 41

Bipolar

Question 42

Which way is the flow going with blue and red on colour Doppler

Answer 42

Blue = away from the colour box Red = towards

Question 43

In which cells does CMV lie dormant?

Answer 43

Monocytes

Question 44

Rate limiting step of glycolysis

Answer 44

Phosphofructokinase

Question 45

Types of necrosis and location

Answer 45

Coagulative - heart, kidneys Colliquative - brain Caeseation - TB infection Fat necrosis - breast and pancreas

Question 46

Gangrene is

Answer 46

Necrosis + bacterial infection (colliquative forms wet gangrene, coagulative forms dry gangrene)

Question 47

Which ovarian neoplasm is characterized histologically by the presence of Call-Exner bodies?

Answer 47

Granulosa cell tumour

Question 48

Which amino acids characteristically potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?

Answer 48

Arginine and lysine

Question 49

Metabolic effects of insulin on liver

Answer 49

Increases glucokinase activity Increases phosphofructokinase activity Increases glycogen synthase Inhibits phosphorylase Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis Stimulates fatty acid production from glucose

Question 50

Where is HCG produced?

Answer 50

Syncitiotrophoblast

Question 51

Where is calcidiol produced?

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

Gestational age from CRL equation

Answer 52

Gestational age = 5.3 + (0.16 x CRL) - (0.0007 x CRL squared)

Question 53

Mechanism of action of antiemetics: Cyclizine, promethazine, ondansetron, prochlorperazine

Answer 53

Cyclizine and promethazine = Histamine H1 receptor antagonist Ondansetron = Serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist Prochlorperazine = Dopamine D2

Question 54

Enzyme that converts androstenedione to testosterone

Answer 54

17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase