Other Contemporary Urban Environment Issues

Question 1

Define Particulate Matter (PM)

Answer 1

Mixture of solid & liquid pollutant in air

Question 2

Outline impacts of PM

Answer 2

1. 2010 - 9400 Londoners die of air pollution above 2.5PM
2. 7.8% lung cancers each year caused by 2.5PM

Question 3

Outline the annual migrant population in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Answer 3

400k new migrants arriving each year

Question 4

Outline the 1st reason for pollution in Dhaka
Outline the solution for the problem

Answer 4

Auto rickshaws - 2 stroke engine
90% vehicles

Solution - 4 stroke engine (low pollution, high fuel efficiency)
Or enviro-fit
Expensive

Question 5

Outline the 2nd reason for pollution in Dhaka
Outline the solution for the problem

Answer 5

Industrial pollution - textiles, fertilisation

Solution - legislation

Question 6

Outline the 3rd reason for pollution in Dhaka
Outline the solution for the problem

Answer 6

Brick Kilns
2011 World Bank report - 40% Dhaka fine particle -> 750 premature deaths

Solution - “green bricks” - expensive

Question 7

Outline 2 solutions London made for air pollution

Answer 7

1. Congestion Charge
   7AM-6PM Mon-Fri
2. AECOM - 8.3mil trees provide £95mil air filtration

Question 8

Define H2O pollution

Answer 8

Contamination of H2O sources (rivers, lakes, etc)

Question 9

What are causes of water pollution in urban areas?

Answer 9

Streets carrying oil, heavy metals from vehicles - surface runoff
Industrial waste (e.g Dhaka blue dogs)
Untreated sewage - high in pollutants
Air pollution - acid rain (NO2 + NH4 deposition)

Question 10

Outline pollution in the Ganges River, Varanessi

Answer 10

300 mil L of raw sewage into river @ 33 points daily
Safe feces 500 units/mm Ganges = 4.2mil units/mm
Biologically dead

Question 11

Outline the global consequences of H2O pollution

Answer 11

> 1.2bn lack access to clean H2O
80% infectious diseases H2O bourne

Question 12

Outline the impacts on human health H2O pollution has

Answer 12

1. Cholera, typhoid fever from microbial pollutants that aquatic life contains -> infant mortality
2. Pollutants have nutrients -> algae bloom = fish suffocation

Question 13

Outline the 3 phases of H2O pollution management

Answer 13

Prevent, treat, remediate (correcting the wrong)

Question 14

Outline the management of H2O pollution in HICs

Answer 14

UK H2O treatment plant - 4 hours to treat
Thames - polluters pay fines - go to remediation

Question 15

Outline the problem of H2O pollution management in LICs

Answer 15

LICs lack tech and/or legislation

Question 16

Outline the 4 key H2O pollution strategies

Answer 16

1. Low impact development - stormwater management to decrease surface runoff (e.g ‘Green roofs’)
2. Legislation, regulation & enforcement
3. Education & awareness (e.g 2014 Wessex Water education billboards)
4. Improvement in sewage & wastewater processing

Question 17

Why was the Thames Tideway Tunnel made?

Answer 17

1858 sewage system by Sir Joseph Bazalgette overrun
2013 - 55mil tonnes sewage in Thames

Question 18

Outline how the Thames Tideway Tunnel system was made

Answer 18

4 boring machines to bore holes under Thames

Question 19

Outline how the Thames Tideway Tunnel system works

Answer 19

25km long tunnel collects sewage that goes to Thames - intercept
Taken to Lee Tunnel (6.9km long) -> Beckton treatment plant - 4 hours

Question 20

Outline the estimated cost and benefits of the Thames Tideway Tunnel system

Answer 20

£5bn cost
Keep sewage out for 100 yrs

Question 21

Outline a bottom up approach of managing water pollution

Answer 21

Janicki omni processor Senegal - £70,000
Boils ‘sewer sludge’ - H2O vapour separated/cleaned & solids burnt for energy