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Other drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Direct Sympathomimetics

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
dobutamine

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2
Q

Adrenergic agonists examples

A

phenylephrine
isoproterenol
albuterol
terbutaline

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3
Q

adreneric antagonists examples

A

phenoxybenzamine
propanolol
metoprolol

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4
Q

Alpha 1 receptors:
MOA
location
action
preferred substrate

A

MOA: PLC activated–> INC IP3–> and DAG –> INC intracellular Ca
Location: vascular smooth mm (prostrate, heart, pupillary dilator mm)
Action: promotes vasoconstriction
substrate: EPI > NE> Isoproterenol

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5
Q

Alpha 2 receptors
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred Substrate

A

MOA: AC inhibited–> decreased cAMP
Location: Nerv terminals of adrenergic and cholinergic neurons
Action: inhibit release of neurotransmitters
substrate: EPI> NE> Isoproterenol

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6
Q

Beta 1
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred Substrate

A

MOA: AC activated–> inc cAMP
Location: Heart
Action: INC rate and contractility
Preferred substrate: Isoproterenol> Epi> NE

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7
Q

Beta 2
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred Substrate

A

MOA: AC activated–> inc CAMP
Location: SMooth mm of respiraotry, vascular and uterine tissue
Action: bronchodilation, vasodilation, promotes relaxation
Preferred substrate: Isoproterenol> Epi> NE

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8
Q

Beta 3
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred substrate

A

MOA: AC activated–> inc CAMP
Location: Adipose tissue
Action: enhances lipolysis & suppresses leptin
preferred substrate: Preferred substrate: Isoproterenol> Epi> NE

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9
Q

D1
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred Substrate

A

MOA: AC activated–> INC cAMP
Location: smooth mm of splanchnic and renal vessels
Action: vasodilation of renal blood vessels
Preferred substrate: Dopamine

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10
Q

D2
MOA
Location
Action
Preferred Substrate

A

MOA: AC inhibited–> decreased cAMP
Location: nerve terminals of CNS neurons
Action: regulates neurotransmitter release
Preferred substrate: dopamine

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11
Q

epinephrine MOA

A

alpha agonist at high doses
beta agonist at low doses

**vasoconstriction, inc heart rate and contractility
**bronchodilation (beta 2 agonist)

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12
Q

norepinephrine MOA

A

alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 1 receptor agonists

**vasoconstriction, inc contractility

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13
Q

Dopamine MOA

A

high doses: alpha 1 receptors
lower doses: beta and D1 receptors

**vasoconstriction, inc heart rate and contractility, promotes renal perfusion

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14
Q

Dobutamine MOA

A

B1 receptor agonists: INC heart rate and contractility
weak alpha 1 and beta 2 effects

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15
Q

ephedrine MOA

A

stimulates release of norepinephrine: alpha and beta receptors
inc systolic and diastolic blood pressure: alpha 1 and beta 1
bronchodilation: beta 2 stimulation

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16
Q

phenylephrine moa

A

alpha 1 agonist: systemic vasoconstriction

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17
Q

albuterol moa

A

beta 2 receptor agonist: bronchodilation (& transcellular shifts of potassium into the cell)

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18
Q

Propanolol MOA

A

beta 1 and beta 2 receptor antagonist: dec HR and contractility, dec blood pressure, bronchoconstriction

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19
Q

anti-fungal agents that act on ergosterol

A

amphotericin B
fluconazole
ketoconazaole

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20
Q

What is ergosterol?

A

only found in fungal cell membranes

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21
Q

MOA of amphotericin B

A

binds ergosterol and causes formation of holes in fungal cell membrane

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22
Q

MOA of azoles (ie: fluconazole)

A

reduce ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P-450 enzymes

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23
Q

Mechanism of Ivermectin

A

activates GABA receptors, thereby leading to worm paralysis and death

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24
Q

MOA of albendazole

A

inhibits microtubule syntehsis and function

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25
MOA of pyrantel pamoate
activates parasitic nicotinic receptors, thereby causing worm paralysis
26
MOA of praziquantel
increases cell Ca uptake, thereby causing parasite contraction and paralysis
27
MOA of the acetaminophen
preferentially inhibits COX02 in the CNS
28
What is the antidote for the acetaminophen overdose?
N-acetylcysteine
29
MOA of cyclopsorine
inhibits calcineurin, therefore IL-2 production is decreased, results in reduced proliferation, differentiation and activation of T cells **metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzyme sys
30
site of action of 5-fluorouracil
interferes with nucleotide synthesis or degradation
31
site of action of Vincristine
interferes with mitosis
32
site of action of cisplatn/cyclophosphamide
damages DNA
33
MOA of cylcophosphamide
alkylating agent and cross-links DNA; supression fo B and T cell function
34
MOA of Cisplatin
alkylating agent, inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by binding DNA strands. leads to formation of cross-links between strands
35
MOA of 5-Fluorouracil
inhibits thymidylate synthasese; leads to disruption of nucleotide synthesis cell cycle specific-- during S phase of the cell cycle
36
MOA of vincristine and vinblastine
bind to tubulin; depolymerization of the mitotic spindle; cell cycle specific: acts during the M phase of the cell cycle
37
Examples of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
enalapril, benazepril, quinzpril, ramipril
38
MOA of ace-inhibitors
decrease levels of angiotensin II and increase levels of activated bradykinin, the ACE inhibitors act to decrease peripheral vascular resistance adn dec effective circulating volume of fluid in the body **used to tx hypertension and CHF
39
MOA of acetazolamide
inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the cell sof the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron **diuresis in patients with metabolic alkalosis
40
Examples of loop diuretics
furosemide and torsemide
41
MOA of furosemide/ torsemide
loop diuretics: inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in the thick ascending portion of the loop of Henle
42
Example of thiazide diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide
43
MOA of hydrochlorothiazide
inhibits the Na/Cl cotransporter in the early distal convoluted tubule
44
MOA of Spironolactone
competitive aldosterone receptor antagonist works at cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule of the nephron **decreased urinary potassium excretion **tx primary hyperaldosteronism/heart failure
45
MOA of sildenifil
selectively inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5-- smooth mm relaxation in the pulmonary vascular bed results in vasodilation
46
MOA of digoxin
inhibits Na/K ATPase pump on the cell membrane of the cardiac myocyte; inc parasympathetic outflow of the SA and AV node leading to dec HR and dec AV node automaticity
47
Benzodiazepines MOA
enhanced GABA receptor activation; dec activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of CNS
48
Benzodaizepine overdose characterized by cardiac and respiratory dperession and is treated supportively and by:
flumazenil, competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines at the GABA receptor
49
MOA of barbiturates (phenobarbital, pentobarbital)
potentiate GABA receptor activity in the brain, inc flow of CL ions through adjacent chloride ions, which leads to cell membrane hyperpolarization and dec activity of CNS neurons
50
MOA of local anesthetic agents: lidocaine, mepivicaine, bupivacaine
blocking sodium channels on neuronal cell membranes, decreasing activation of these neurons
51
MOA of inhaled anesthetic agents: isoflurane, sevoflurane
not completely understood activate GABA receptors throughout the brain, leading to decreased neuronal activity
52
MOA of ketamine
PCP analog that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, thereby decreasing neuronal conduction
53
MOA of Propofol
unknown, may act to prolong activity of GABA receptor, thereby potentiating effects of GABA at the postsynaptic membrane
54
MOA of butorphanol
partial agonist activity at Mu receptors and agonist activity at opioid Kappa receptors **hyperpolarization and decreased activity of neural cells
55
Tx of malignant hyperthermia and MOA
Dantrolene: inhibits calcium release form the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocytes by binding to the ryanodine receptor--> mm relaxation
56
Gabapentin MOA
GABA analogue, exact MOA unknown
57
M1 receptor type MOA, location, action, substrate
PLC activated--> inc IP3--> and DAG--> INC intracellular Ca location: CNS (brain & sympathetic ganglia) action: CNS stimulation substrate: AcH
58
M2 receptor type MOA, location, action, substrate
MOA: AC inhibited--> dec cAMP, also increase K conductance location: heart Action: decreases heart rate and contractility substrate: Ach
59
M3 receptor type, MOA, location, action, substrate
MOA: PLC activated--> INC IP3--> and DAG increased intracellular Ca Location/ACtion: smooth mm GI tract/GU tract, bronchi and eye: inc gut peristalsis, increases bladder contraction, inc bronchoconstriction, contracts spinchter mm substrate: Ach
60
Nm receptor type, MOA, location, action, substrate
MOA: activaiton of Na/K channel location: neuromuscular junction action: promotes mm contraction substrate: nicotine
61
Nn receptor type, MOA, location, action, substrate
MOA: ACtivation of Na/K channel location: Autonomic ganglia & CNS, adrenal medulla action: vasodilation of renal blood vessels, stimulates epinephrine release substrate: nicotine
62
Bethanechol MOA
muscarinic (M2 and M3) agonist; promotes relaxation fo the bladder sphincter promoting urination M3- inc gut motility
63
Atropine MOA
competitive muscarinic (M1, M2, M3) receptor antagonist: M2- tachycardia; M3: dec GIT motility, cycloplegia
64
Ipratropium MOA
muscarinic receptor antagonist: M3 receptors in lung, relaxs the smooth mm around the bronchi: bronchodilation
65
Neostigmine MOA
reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic junction; inc stimulation of both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors **tx of myasthenia gravis
66
MOA of metformin
inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, dec absorption of glucose form GIT, and inc peripheral utilization of glucose by adipose and skeletal mm
67
GLP-1 analogues MOA
agonists of GLP-1 receptor; insulin secretion is upregulated and glucagon secretion is down regulated
68
sodium glucose cotransporter 2inhibtors
SGLT-2 found in proximal tubule of the nephronand responsible for promoting glucose reabsorption **drugs inhibit SGLT-2, leading to decreased renal glucose reabsorption
69
Bisphosphonates MOA
decrease osteoclastic bone reabsorption
70
MOA of levothyroxine
synthetic form of T4, normally secreted by follicular cells of thyroid gland
71
MOA of vasopressin
V1 receptors: vascular smooth mm: vasoconstriction V2 receptors: found on renal tubule cells in collecting ducts of kidney: inc permeability to water in the collecting ducts and inc water reabsoprtion V2-l
72
MOA of metoclopramide
antagonist of D2 dopamine receptors; stim gasric and small intestinal motility
73
MOA of lactulose
lactoluse in gut degraded by bacteria in gut, which acidify the gut PH and promote nitrogen excretion
74
Ursodiol MOA
1. dec cholesterole synthesis 2. decreases intestinal reabsorption of choelsterol 3. inhibits the secretion of choelsterol into bile
75
define zero-order kinetics
drugs eliminated at a constant rate over time, (plasma concentration decreases in a linear manner over time)
76
define first-order kinetics
Drugs eliminated at a rate that is proportional to the serum concentration of the drug (plasma concentration decreases exponentially over time)
77
MOA of mannitol
osmotic diuretic, acts at proximal tubule and descending limb of the loop of Henle of nephron to increase tubular osmolarity, drawing water into the tubular lumen **dec intracranial pressure
78
Platelet plug: step 1 Adhesion
von Willebrand factor binds to the subendothelial matrix. When the endothelium is damage, glycoprotein Ib/IX on the plt surface binds to vWF thereby causing plts to adhere to the damaged endothelium
79
Platelet plug: step 2 Aggregation
after plt is stimulated, the GP!!B/IIIa complex on the plt surface binds one end of a molecule of fibrinogen, while the other end of the molecule of fibrinogen binds to GPIIb/IIIa complex on another platelet. this results in the cross-linking of plts together
80
Platelet plug: step 3 secretion
stimulated plts release multiple factors that promote platete aggregation and stimulation
81
Platelet plug: step 4 procoagulation
when activated, platelets produce factor V on their surface, thereby assuring coagulating cascade will take place at the site of the platelet plug
82
MOA of Anti-thrombin III
inhibits thrombin and factor Xa
83
Fibrinolysis occurs through which factor?
Tissue plaminogen activator: released from damaged endothelial cells and converts plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades firin
84
Nitric oxide MOA
inhibits plt adhesion and aggregation
85
(unfractionated) Heparin MOA
binds ATIII in order to accelerate the action of anti-thrombin III, responsible for degrading several activated clotting factors, including thrombin and factor Xa
86
low molecular weight heparin MOA
action on ATIII, promotes inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa. activity of LMWH on thrombin is lower than that of unfractionated heparin
87
Clopidogrel MOA
irreversibly inhibits the binding of ADP to the platelet P2Y receptor, thereby blocking ADP mediated plt aggregation
88
Aminocaproic acid MOA
inhibits plasminogen activation, resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis
89
MOA of synthetic erythropoietin (ie darbopoetin)
stimulates bone marrow to enhance erythroid proliferation and differentiation

ACVIM.Pharm (4 decks)

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