Other Notes 2019 Review

Question 1

Sodium affects

Answer 1

normal osmolarity

Question 2

what do cephalosporins attack

Answer 2

T-lymphocytes

Question 3

lymphocytes work mainly by

Answer 3

antigen-antibody complexes

Question 4

what kind of solution are lactated ringers and D5W?

Answer 4

isotonic

Question 5

when does Normal P50 occur

Answer 5

50% saturation and 27 mmHg pO2

Question 6

what does an increase in p50 mean?

Answer 6

less affinity for hgb for O2
more delivered to tissues

Question 7

what is p50

Answer 7

the O2 tension when 50% hgb is saturated at 37 degrees, PCO2 is 40 and pH is 7.4

Question 8

what does an increased affinity mean?

Answer 8

it is harder for hgb to give up oxygen to tissues

Question 9

surface of a platelet has what kind of charge

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

where is insulin

Answer 10

in the beta cells which is located in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

Question 11

primary antihypertensive effect of diuretics is

Answer 11

decreased blood volume

Question 12

what is not a factor of heart failure

Answer 12

dieresis

Question 13

what do hypotonic solutions cause cells to do

Answer 13

swell up and lose hgb

Question 14

sodium potassium pump causes

Answer 14

3 Na pumped out, 2 K pumped into cell

Question 15

what is carbonic anhydrase

Answer 15

the enzyme that speeds up CO2 and H2O reactions

Question 16

aerobic metabolism =

Answer 16

glycolysis
krebscycle
36 ATP

Question 17

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 17

glycolysis
fermentation of pyruvate
lactic acid
2 ATP

Question 18

what would a shift to the right on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve have?

Answer 18

decreased o2 affinity
decreased pH
increase pCO2
increase temperature
increased 2 3 DPG

Question 19

a shift to the left on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve would have

Answer 19

increased O2 affinity
increased pH
decreased pCO2
decreased temperature
decreased 2,3 DPG

Question 20

what does 2,3 DPG allow hgb to do?

Answer 20

release O2 to the tissues more easily

Question 21

in patients with chronic hypoxic condition, which way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociated curve shifted?

Answer 21

to the right by increased 2,3 DPG levels

Question 22

Crystalloid should be ___ to prevent edema of CPB

Answer 22

hypertonic

Question 23

what are some hypertonic solutions

Answer 23

D50 and 3% NaCl

Question 24

what do hypertonic solutions cause?

Answer 24

crenation (H2O out), which is a process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire. notched or scalloped surface

Question 25

what is osmosis

Answer 25

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 26

the most common bacterial pneumonia is caused by

Answer 26

staphylococcus aureus

Question 27

three main CO2 transport in blood are

Answer 27

CO2 dissolved physically in blood CO2 bound to hemoglobin CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions

Question 28

the normal hyperbaric chamber pressure is

Answer 28

6 atmospheres

Question 29

complications of hyperbaric chamber

Answer 29

convulsions

Question 30

what is the unit for BSA

Answer 30

M^2

Question 31

what does surfactant do

Answer 31

decrease surface tension

Question 32

if the diffusion coefficient for O2 is 1, the diffusion coefficient for CO2 is

Answer 32

20.3

Question 33

the primary structural unit of proteins are

Answer 33

L-amino acids

Question 34

what do transfusion reactions cause

Answer 34

hemolysis RBC of the recipient or donor agglutinate

Question 35

hemolytic homologous transfusion risks are due to

Answer 35

low antibody titer

Question 36

what can hyponatremia cause

Answer 36

arrhythmias and neurological problems

Question 37

acid is a ____ donor

Answer 37

proton donor (H+)

Question 38

what is the most abundant element in the universe

Answer 38

hydrogen

Question 39

LDL quantitation is used in predicting what

Answer 39

the risk of CAD

Question 40

what is CO

Answer 40

the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

Question 41

increased CO may indicate

Answer 41

high circulating volume

Question 42

decreased cardiac output indicates

Answer 42

a decrease in circulation volume or a decrease in the strength of ventricular contraction

Question 43

CVP readings are used to approximate

Answer 43

the right ventricular end diastolic pressure

Question 44

Low CVP values typically reflect

Answer 44

hypovolemia or decreased venous return

Question 45

high CVP values reflect

Answer 45

overhydration increased venous return right sided cardiac failure

Question 46

what is afterload

Answer 46

the resistance the LV must overcome to eject blood from the heart

Question 47

what is after load measure by

Answer 47

the systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Question 48

what is preload

Answer 48

occurs during diastole combination of pulmonary blood filling the atria and the stretching of myocardial fibers

Question 49

what does an increased pulmonary artery pressure indicate?

Answer 49

left to right cardiac shunt PA hypertension COPD or emphysema pulmonary embolus pulmonary edema left ventricular failure

Question 50

what is stroke volume (SV)

Answer 50

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per cardiac cycle measured in ml/beat

Question 51

a decrease in SV may indicate

Answer 51

impaired cardiac contractility or valve dysfunction and may result in heart failure

Question 52

an increased SV may be caused by

Answer 52

an increase in circulating volume or an increase in inotropy

Question 53

what is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 53

the measurement of resistance or impediment of the systemic vascular bed to blood flo w

Question 54

an increased SVR can be caused by

Answer 54

vasoconstrictors hypovolemia late septic shock

Question 55

a decreased SVR can be caused by

Answer 55

early septic shock vasodilators morphine nitrates hypercarbia