Other paces Flashcards by Maria Miles

Signs of meningism 3

Neck stiffness
Photophobia
Kernig’s sign

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Signs of IDA 6

Pallor
Atrophic glossitis
Diffuse alopecia
Angular cheilosis
Koilonychia, leukonychia

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Types of lung cancer
- 4 types, who affect, paraneoplastic associated, central or peripheral, smokers or non

SCC (20-25%): Central, smokers, late mets, PTH-rP, surgery

ACC (40-50%): Peripheral, non-smokers, early mets, HPOA/clubbing, surgery

SCLC (10-15%): Central, smokers, early mets, ADH/ACTH/LEMS, CRT

LCLC (5-10%): Peripheral, early mets, gynaecomastia/galactorrhoea, surgery

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HLA-B27 associated conditions 5

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Acute anterior uveitis
AR, heart block

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Ankylosing spondylitis complications 7

Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic regurgitation
AV nodal block
Arthritis
Achilles tendonitis
Also: Amyloidosis, cauda-equina syndrome

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Conditions associated with retinitis pigmentosa 4

Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (deaf, polydactyly, short, LD)
Usher syndrome (deaf)
Refsum’s disease (deaf, progressive muscle wasting, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy)
Kearn-Sayre syndrome (opthalmoplegia, cardiac conduction defects)

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6 P’s of concern in peripheral vascular disease

Pain
Paraesthesia
Paralysis
Pallor
Pulselessness
Perishingly cold

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X-ray signs in rheumatoid arthritis 4

Juxta-articular osteopaenia
Erosions at margins of small joints
Joint space narrowing
Deformity

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X-ray signs in osteoarthritis
4

Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts

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X-ray signs in psoriatic arthritis
2

marginal erosions
pencil in cup appearance

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X-ray signs in gout 3

Mouse bite erosions (punched out lateral erosions with sclerotic margins and overhanging edges)
Preserved joint space until late
No juxta-articular osteopaenia

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X-ray signs in pseudogout

Chrondrocalcinosis

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Causes of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis 7

AoCD
GI bleeding from NSAIDs/steroids
Felty’s syndrome
Renal amyloidosis
Marrow suppression from DMARDs
AIHA
Pernicious anaemia (asociated)

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Inflammatory spondyloarthropathy
3

AS
Reactive arthritis
IBD-related arthropathy

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Causes of dactylitis 3

Gout
Reactive arthritis
Sarcoidosis

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Causes of sudden visual loss 8

Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal artery occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion
Haemorrhagic (wet) ARMD
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
Pituitary apoplexy
Stroke
Trauma

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Casues of gradual visual loss 6

Cataract
ARMD
Diabetic maculopathy
Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
Optic atrophy – compressive, toxic or nutritional

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Causes of peripheral visual loss 6

Retinitis pigmentosa
Glaucoma
Branch retinal artery/vein occlusion affecting periphery (unilateral)
Ischaemic optic neuropathy (unilateral)
Cerebrovascular disease (homonymous)
Chiasmal lesion (bitemporal)

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Causes of central visual loss 5

Diabetic maculopathy
ARMD
Optic neuropathy (demyelinating/compressive/toxic/nutritional)
Cataract
Branch retinal artey/vein occlusion affecting macular (unilateral)

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Retinitis pigmentosa fundoscopy findings 3

bone spicule
(Peripheral retinal pigmentation)
Retinal vessel attenuation
Optic disc pallor

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Causes of optic atrophy
(6 unilateral, 6 bilateral)

Unilateral:
Demyelination
Stroke
Compression
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Glaucomatous

Bilateral:
Demyelination
Chiasmal compression
Glaucomatous
Inhertied
Nutritional
Toxic

Causes of sore eyes with visual disturbance 4

TED
Sarcoidosis causing lacrimal gland damage
Primary SS
Secondary SS (RA, SSc, SLE, GVHD)

Causes of ocular deviation with ptosis 6

Microvascular infarction (solitary, pupil-sparing CN III palsy)
PCA aneurysm, ICA aneurysm, meningioma, parasellar tumour (compressive)
Brainstem infarction
Brainstem demyelination in MS
GCA, trauma, congenital
MG

Causes of horners syndrome (3 brainstem, 3 spinal cord, 1 lung apex, 4 neck, 1 ICA, 2 cavernous sinus, 1 orbit, 1 other)

1st order neuron:
Brainstem: Stroke, tumour, demyelination
Spinal cord: Syringomyelia, tumour, trauma

2nd order neuron:
Lung apex: Pancoast tumour
Neck: Cervical node tumour, surgery, trauma, common carotid dissection

3rd order neuron:
ICA: Dissection
Cavernous sinus: Thrombus, tumour
Orbit: Tumour

Also: Congenital

Causes of neuropathic ulcers 8

Diabetes Leprosy Tabes dorsalis (syphillis) Amyloidosis Alcoholic neuropathy Hereditary neuropathies (CMT) Drugs Vitamin B1/B12 deficiency

Causes of secondary diabetes 10

Steroid use PCOS Hyperthyroidism Chronic pancreatitis CF Haemochromatosis Acromegaly Phaeochromocytoma Cushing’s syndrome Glucagonoma

Causes of hyperthyroidism 6

Graves disease TMNG Single thyroid odule Thyroiditis: Subacute, post-partum, silent autoimmune Ectopic thyroid tissue Over-replacement with levothyroxine (also amiodarone)

Causes of solitary thyroid nodule 7

Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid carcinoma Metastatic cancer Lymphoma Sarcoma Parathyroid cyst

Causes of hypothyroidism 5

Autoimmune Thyroiditis Drugs (amiodarone) Radio-iodine therapy Thyroidectomy

Complications of acromegaly 8

Diabetes Hypertension Cardiomyopathy OSA CRC (colorectal cancer) OA Hypercalciuria carpal tunnel

Signs of active disease in acromegaly 4

Sweating Skin tags HTN Peripheral oedema

Causes of macroglossia 4

Acromegaly Amyloidosis Hypothyroidism Down’s syndrome

Complications of pituitary surgery 5

DI (may be transient) SIADH (transient) Hypopituitarism CSF leak Intracranial bleeding

Causes of hypoadrenalism 9 primary, 1 secondary

Primary: Autoimmune adrenalitis Granulomatous: TB, histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis Amyloidosis Haemochromatosis Metastatic infiltration Thrombotic disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Adrenoleukodystrophy Bilateral adrenalectomy Secondary: Anterior pituitary failure

Diseases associated with Addison’s disease 7

Vitiligo AI thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s, Grave’s) DM Pernicious anaemia Coeliac disease Premature ovarian failure Hypoparathyroidism

Causes of hyperpigmentation 5

Sun exposure Uraemia Haemochromatosis PBC Porphyria cutanea tarda

Causes of hypogonadism and infertility in men 6

Kleinfelter’s syndrome Kallman’s syndrome Testiuclar disease, pituitary disease, haemohromatosis Fragile X syndrome

Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS

2 of: Oligomenorrhea/amenorrhoea Hyperandrogenism Polcystic ovaries on ultrasound

Causes of hyperandrogenism in women 3

PCOS Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone) Androgen-secreting tumour (elevated testosterone/DHEA-S)

features of turners: - oother 5 - endocrine 2 - cardiovascular 5 - GI 2 - renal 1 - MSK 3 - skin 1

Lack of secondary sexual characteristics e.g. pubic hair Short stature Widely-spaced nipples Webbed neck, low posterior hairline Endocrine: DM, hypothyroidism Cardiovascular: Congenital lymphoedema, AD, BAV, CoA, HTN GI: Coeliac disease, angiodysplasia Renal: Horseshoe kidneys MSK: Short 4th and 5th metacarpals, nail hypoplasia, high arched palate Skin: Multiple pigmented naevi

Features of Noonan’s syndrome 5 inheritance

Similar phenotype to Turner’s Congenital heart defects Short stature Webbed neck Pectus excavatum Learning difficulties Also occurs in men (AD inheritance)

Causes of scarring alopecia 3

Discoid lupus Lichen planus Tinea capitis

Side effects of chronic topical steroids 4

Telangiectasias Skin atrophy Skin breakdown Ulceration

6 clinical presentations of psoriasis

Chronic plaque psoriasis Guttate psoriasis Hyperkeratotic palmo-plantar psoriasis Flexural psoriasis Erythrodermic psoriasis Pustular psoriasis

Precipitants of psoriasis 7

Physical trauma (Koebner) Infections (esp. B-haemolytic strep) Drugs: B-blockers, antimalarials, lithium, NSAIDs, steroids Psychological stress Alcohol Tobacco Cold climate

Histological features of psoriasis 2

Epidermal hyperplasia Inflammatory cell infiltrate in the dermis and epidermis

Causes of HTN associated with neurofibromatosis

RAS Phaeochromocytoma CoA

Diseases associated with pyoderma gangrenosum - 3 groups

IBD (esp. UC) Arthritis: Seronegative arthritis, RA Haem: Acute/chronic myeloid leukaemia, hairy cell leukaemia, myelodysplasia, monoclonal gammopathy ???or idiopathic

Histology of pyoderma gangrenosum 3

Non-specific Neutrophilic infiltration Haemorrhage and necrosis of the epidermis

Triad of features in HHT - 3

Epistaxis Cutaneous telangiectasia Visceral arteriovenous malformations

Curacao diagnostic criteria for HHT

3 of (2 = suspected): Epistaxis Telangiectases Visceral lesions Family history in 1st degree relative