Other questions from other SG

Question 1

How is urine formed

Answer 1

1. Filtration of blood to remove waste and small molecules.
2. Reabsorption of essential substances to the bloodstream.
3. Secretion of additional waste and toxins into the filtrate.
4. Concentration of urine to balance the body’s hydration and excrete waste efficiently.

Question 2

What pressure influence urination?

Answer 2

• Hydrostatic pressure for filtration in the kidneys.
• Intravesical pressure as the bladder fills.
• Urethral sphincter pressure for storage and controlled release.
• Abdominal pressure to aid voiding.
• Neural signals to balance bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation.

Question 3

PCT type of cells are found in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 3

Cell type- simple cuboidal with microvilli
special feature- microvilli with mitochondria
main function- reabsorption of nutrients, ions, and water

Question 4

Thin loop type of cells are found in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 4

Cell type- simple squamous
main function- reabsorption of nutrients, ion, and water

Question 5

thick ascending limb type of cells are found in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 5

cell type- simple cuboidal
special feature- man mitochondria
main function- active ion transport

Question 6

DCT type of cells are found in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 6

cell type- simple cuboidal with few microvilli.
special features- fewer microbial and many mitochondria
main function- reabsorption and secretion

Question 7

collection duct type of cells are found in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 7

cell type- principla and intercalated cells
special features- hormone responivness
main function- water, sodium, and acid base regulation

Question 8

Countercurrent multiplier function and effect

Answer 8

Function- creates the medullary concentration gradient
effect- concentrates filtrate in descending limb , dilutes it in ascending the limb

Question 9

countercurrent exchanger function and effect

Answer 9

function- maintain the mudllary gradient
effect- preserves medulla osmolarity while removing reabsorbed water

Question 10

ADH regulation function and effect

Answer 10

function- adjust collecting duct premeability
effect- concentrates or dilutes urine based on hydration on hydration needs

Question 11

What triggers micturition?

Answer 11

• Bladder filling and activation of stretch receptors.
• The micturition reflex, which coordinates bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation.
• Voluntary control by the brain to initiate or delay urination.

Question 12

What is osmoalrity? What role does it play in water loss or retention?

Answer 12

1. Osmolarity determines water movement and is crucial for maintaining fluid balance across body compartments.
2. High osmolarity triggers water retention (via ADH) and thirst to restore balance.
3. Low osmolarity promotes water loss in urine to prevent overhydration.

Question 13

What occurs during oogenesis? In relation to meiosis.

Answer 13

Oogenesis- Arrests at Prophase I before birth and Metaphase II until fertilization.

Question 13

What occurs during meiosis that creates genetic variability in gametes? At what stage does that occur?

Answer 13

Crossing Over at Prophase 1

Question 14

How does GnRH stimulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

Answer 14

O/S- stimulates FSH and LH release

Question 15

How does FSH stimulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

Answer 15

O- matures ovarian follicles
s- stimulates sperm development

Question 16

How does LH stimulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

Answer 16

O- trigger ovulation and corupus luteum formation
S- produce testosterone

Question 17

What hormones are responsible for the ovarian and uterine cycle?

Answer 17

GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen, and Progesterone

Question 18

what roles does GnRH take in ovarian Cycle role and Uterine cycle role

Answer 18

OV- stimulates FSH and LH
UT- nothing?

Question 19

what roles does FSH take in ovarian Cycle role and Uterine cycle role

Answer 19

OV- stimulates folliculare growth
UT- Nothing

Question 20

what roles does LH take in ovarian Cycle role and Uterine cycle role

Answer 20

OV-triggers ovulation, corpus lute formation
UT- nothing

Question 21

what roles does estrogen take in ovarian Cycle role and Uterine cycle role

Answer 21

OV- stimultes follicle growth early
UT- thickrn the endometrium (proliferative phase)

Question 22

what roles does progesterone take in ovarian Cycle role and Uterine cycle role

Answer 22

OV- maintain the corpus lute (luteal phase)
UT-prepares the endometrium for implntation (secretory phase)

Question 23

what are the stages of endometrial cycle

Answer 23

1. menstrual
2. proliferative
3. secretory

Question 24

Menstrual phase

Answer 24

Days 1-5 key events- sheddinf of the functional layer of the endometrium

Question 25

Proliferative phase

Answer 25

Days- 6-14 Regrowth and thickening of the endometrium

Question 26

secretory phase

Answer 26

days 15-28 glands secrete nutrients, and endometrium prepares for implantaion

Question 27

What is the major hormone that stimulates ovulation?

Answer 27

LH

Question 28

What hormone develops the breast: at puberty

Answer 28

estrogen and GH

Question 29

19. What hormone develops the breast for ductal system

Answer 29

estrogen and progesterone

Question 30

What hormone develops the breast alveoli

Answer 30

progesterone and prolactin

Question 31

What hormone develops the breast for milk production

Answer 31

prolactin

Question 32

19. What hormone develops the breast for milk ejection

Answer 32

oxytocin

Question 33

When does fertilization occur? Where?

Answer 33

* When? Fertilization typically occurs within 12–24 hours after ovulation. * Where? In the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

Question 34

22. What is the role of the acrosome?

Answer 34

* Function: Helps the sperm penetrate the egg's protective layers for fertilization. * Mechanism: Stores and releases digestive enzymes during the acrosome reaction. * Importance: Without the acrosome and its reaction, sperm would be unable to reach or fertilize the egg.

Question 35

What is the pronucleus?

Answer 35

the haploid nucleus of a gamete (sperm or egg) during the process of fertilization, before the fusion of the two nuclei to form the zygote. It represents one of the final stages in gamete development and the beginning of the new organism's genetic formation.

Question 36

What is syngamy?

Answer 36

the process of fusion of the male and female pronuclei within a fertilized egg (zygote), resulting in the formation of a diploid nucleus.

Question 37

What occurs during the first week after fertilization?

Answer 37

day 0- fertilization day 1-3~ cleavage day 3-4~ morula formation day 4-5~ blastocyst formation day 5-6~ hatching of the blastocyst day 6-7~ begining of implantation

Question 38

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 38

a hollow, multicellular structure formed during the early stages of embryonic development, typically around days 4–5 after fertilization.

Question 39

What is the function of uterine milk?

Answer 39

provide nourishment, support, and protection to the developing embryo before the placenta forms.

Question 40

What are the three germ layers?

Answer 40

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 41

What is the hormone of labor

Answer 41

oxytocin, prostaglandins, and rexlaxin

Question 42

What is the hormone of pregnancy

Answer 42

hCG, progesterone, estrogen, hPL, relaxin

Question 43

What is the hormone of lactation

Answer 43

prolactin, oxytocin, and hPl

Question 44

What are the stages of labor?

Answer 44

1. First Stage: Dilation of the Cervix 2. Second Stage: Delivery of the Baby 3. Third Stage: Delivery of the Placenta

Question 45

What is the role of oxytocin? How does it accelerate labor?

Answer 45

Function: * Stimulates uterine contractions. * Enhances cervical ripening (indirectly via prostaglandins). * Facilitates delivery of the baby and placenta. * Prevents postpartum bleeding by contracting the uterus. * Mechanism: * Works via a positive feedback loop to ensure contractions are efficient and labor progresses.

Question 46

What stimulates lactation?

Answer 46

37. What stimulates lactation? * Prolactin stimulates milk production in the mammary glands. * Oxytocin triggers the let-down reflex, ejecting milk from the glands. * Suckling by the infant is the primary stimulus for both hormones, creating a positive feedback loop that sustains lactation.