Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2A revision > other revision > Flashcards

other revision Flashcards

1
Q

give an example of a water soluble hormone

A

peptides - TRH, LH, FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

are water soluble hormones stored in vesicles or synthesised on demand?

A

stored in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 3 phases of alcoholic liver disease?

A

fatty changes
alcoholic hepatitis
alcoholic cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name a scoring system used as a prognostic tool in acute pancreatitis?

A

abbreviated glasgow scoring system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what points make up the glasgow scoring system?

A 
PaO2 <8kPa
age >55
neutrophils >10x10^9
calcium <2mmol/L
raised urea >15mmol/L
elevated enzymes
albumin <32g/L
sugar - serum glucose >15mmol/L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

give 3 major features of MS plaque

A

inflammation
demyelination
axon loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give 4 functions of the lower urinary tract

A

storage of urine
converts continuous process of excretion into intermittent, controlled and volitional process
prevents leakage of stored urine
allows rapid, low pressure voiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the most likely cause of LUTS in men>50?

A

BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what anatomical structures make up the lower urinary tract?

A 
bladder
bladder neck
prostate gland
urethra
urethral sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LUTS: give 4 symptoms of stoarge problems

A

frequency
urgency
nocturia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

LUTS: give 4 symptoms of voiding problems

A

straining
hesistancy
incomplete emptying
poor flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give 2 side effects of tamulosin?

A

hypotension

retrograde ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what 7 things are reabsorbed in PCT

A 
sodium
chlorine
potassium
glucose
water
amino acids
bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give 3 causes of nocturnal polyuria

A

habitual
congestive heart failure
sleep aponea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the effect of macula densa cells when they detect raised NaCl?

A

AA constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the treatment for type 1 prostatitis

A

acute bacterial prostatitis

IV Abx - gentamycin, co-amoxiclav for 2 wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe tubuloglomerular feedback

A

macula densa cells of DCT lie between AA and EA

they detect NaCl and use this as indicator for GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do alpha-1-blockers work in management of LUTS?

A

cause vasodilation - reduced resistance to bladder outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which cells are found in the collecting duct of the nephron?

A

principal cells

intercalated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what chemical compound is responsible for the smooth muscle relaxation required for an erection

A

NO - causes fall in cytoplasmic Ca causing smooth muscle relaxation

21
Q

describe the physiology of an erection

A

parasympathetic stimulation
arteriolar dilation
smooth muscle relaxation
testosterone

22
Q

give 5 potential conseqeunces of untreated LUTS

A 
bladder stones
UTI
urinary incontinence
reduced QOL
acute urinary retention
23
Q

what are the 2 main causes of erectile dysfuntion

A

organic

psychogenic

24
Q

give 4 risk factors for erectile dysfunction

A

obesity
lack of exercise
smoking
DM

25
Q

what is the non-pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction

A

lose weight
stop smoking
education
counselling

26
Q

what is the pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction?

A

1st line - phosphodiesterase inhibitors (viagra) - cause vasodilation and increase blood flow to penis

2nd line = intracavernous injections / vacuum devices

3rd line = penile prosthesis implantation

27
Q

what is priapism and what are the potential consequences?

A

prolonged erection

risk of permanent ischaemic damage

28
Q

where might transitional cell carcinoma arise?

A

bladder (50%)
ureter
renal pelvis

29
Q

give 5 risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • smoking
  • occupational exposure (rubber factory = aromatic amines)
  • increasing age
  • male gender
  • family history
30
Q

what are the symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

A 
painless haematuria
frequency
urgency
dysuria
urinary tract obstruction
31
Q

name a helminth that can cause sqaumous cell carcinoma of bladder

A

schistosomiasis

32
Q

what is fanconi syndrome?

A

failure of nephron to reabsorb essential ions

sugar, amino acids, and bicarbonate present in urine

33
Q

what is the function of the counter current multiplication system?

A

generates hypertonic medullary interstitium for H2O reabsorption
Na+ moves out of ascending limb which increases medullary osmolality and H2O follows

34
Q

what is the response of the macula densa cells when they detect reduced NaCl?

A

renin secretion

35
Q

name a hormone that decreases sodium reabsorption

A

ANP

36
Q

what iss the treatment for type 2 prostatitis?

A

quinolone - ciprofloxacin

37
Q

what is the traid of symptoms for pyelonephritis?

A

loin pain
fever
pyuria

38
Q

what are the 3 types of incontinence

A

stress
urgency
mixed
continuous

39
Q

what is the main cause of stress incontinence for women?

A

secondary to birth trauma

40
Q

what is the treatment for stress incontinence for females?

A
  • pelvic floor physio
  • duloxetine
  • surgery
41
Q

what is the main cause of stress incontinence for men?

A

neurogenic or iatrogenic

42
Q

what is the treatment for stress incontinence for men?

A

artificial sphincter

sling

43
Q

what are the sympto s of overactive bladder?

A

urgency and frequency in absence of pathology

44
Q

what is the treatment for overactive bladder?

A
  1. behavioural
  2. pelvic floor physio
  3. muscarinic antagonists
  4. Beta 3 agonists
  5. botox
  6. cystoplasty
45
Q

what is the role of the cortex in micturation?

A

roles in senation and voluntary initation of micturition

46
Q

what is the role of PMC/PAG in micturition?

A

co-ordination and completion of voiding

47
Q

what is the singificance of dysmorphic RBCs in urine sample and blood film?

A

glomerular origin

48
Q

give 5 cuases of haematuria

A

kidney tumour / stones / cyst
ureteric stone
bladder infection, stones
BPH / prostate cancer

49
Q

describe the fluid distribution in the body

A 
total = 42L
ICF = 28L
ECF = 14L - interstitial = 11L, plasma = 3L

Phase 2A revision (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions