Other Systems

Question 1

What are the other systems?

Answer 1

• skeletal
• muscular
• hepatic
• renal

Question 2

Skeletal system

Answer 2

• 206 bones
• protection - vital organs
• support - rigid framework of attachment
• body movement - skeletal system works with muscles ( musculoskeletal)
• muscles to bone: tendon
• bones to each other: ligament
• joints

Question 3

Types of bone

Answer 3

Long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid

Question 4

Long bone

Answer 4

• diaphysis (shaft) - compact bone with central canal of bone marrow
• 2 epiphyses (extremities) - compact bone outside, cancellous inside

Question 5

Short bones

Answer 5

• similar in structure to long bones

Question 6

Irregular, flat and sesamoid bones

Answer 6

• outer layer composed of relatively thin layer of COMPACT BONE
• inside composed of CANCELLOUS BONE - contains bone marrow

Question 7

Functions of bone

Answer 7

• provide framework of body
• attach to muscles and tendons
• allow movement by forming joints
• protect cranial, thoracic and pelvic cavities
• contain bone marrow where blood cells develop
• provide a reservoir of calcium

Question 8

What are the groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into?

Answer 8

1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton

Question 9

Axial skeleton

Answer 9

Consists of:
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribs
- sternum

Together, constitute bony core of body known as THE AXIS

Question 10

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 10

Consists of:
- shoulder girdle with upper limbs
- pelvic girdle with lower limbs

Question 11

Joints

Answer 11

• when 2 or more bones come together
• allow movement of skeleton and attachment between bones

Question 12

Types of joints?

Answer 12

• fibrous joint - immoveable
• cartilaginous joint - slight movement
• synovial joint - freely moveable

Question 13

Skeletal muscle

Answer 13

• voluntary
• used to move skeleton
• paired i.e biceps, triceps

Question 14

Muscle tone

Answer 14

• partial contraction of muscles - maintenance of posture
• contraction and extension - allows movement
• tendons - control muscles and join bone to muscle

Question 15

Hepatic system

Answer 15

• liver - largest gland in the body, weighing 1-2.3kg
• situated - upper part of abdominal cavity
• 4 lobes
• portal fissure
  Posterior surface, various structures enter and leave

Question 16

Vessels and nerves

Answer 16

• portal vein - brings blood from stomach, spleen, pancreas and large and small intestines
• hepatic artery - branch of abdominal aorta
• right and left hepatic ducts take bile from liver to gall bladder
• lymph vessels = drain lymph to abdominal and thoracic nodes
• nerve fibres - sympathetic and parasympathetic
• blood supply blood to liver
• blood from liver via hepatic veins to lnf. Vena cava