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others for final Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Transfer Efficiency

A

Energy entering trophic level n / Energy entering trophic level n-1 x100

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2
Q

Upwelling

A

when offshore winds push surface waters away from continental shores, causing nutrient-rich bottom waters to rise to the surface

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3
Q

HSS (Hairston, Smith & Slobodkin) Hypothesis

A

xxxx

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4
Q

Algal blooms

A

rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system

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5
Q

Fish kills

A

caused by hypoxia (reduced oxygen) when algae die and decompose at the bottom

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6
Q

Dead zone

A

large scale mortality of a wide variety of organisms in coastal zones caused by too much runoff of anthropogenic nutrients

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7
Q

Acid rain

A

contains elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH) caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which react with water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids

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8
Q

Clean Air Act

A

a United States federal law passed in 1970 designed to control air pollution on a national level

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9
Q

Morphological species concept

A

(Linnaeus) species consist of individuals that look alike

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10
Q

Biological species concept

A

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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11
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

reduction or prevention of gene flow between populations by genetically determined differences between them

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12
Q

Speciation

A

the origin of two species from a common ancestral species caused by the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow

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13
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

reduction of gene flow by an extrinsic barrier (unsuitable habitat)

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14
Q

Allopatric populations

A

populations occupying separated geographic areas

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15
Q

Parapatric populations

A

populations occupying adjacent geographic areas, meeting at the border

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16
Q

Sympatric populations

A

populations occupying the same geographic area and capable of encountering one another

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17
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

a region where genetically distinct populations meet and interbreed to some extent, resulting in some individuals of meted ancestry (“hybrids”)

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18
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

factors that prevent viable zygote formation

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19
Q

Premating

A

factors that prevent mating

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20
Q

Temporal segregation

A

populations breed during different seasons or different times of the day

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21
Q

Spatial segregation

A

populations breed in different habitats

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22
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

members of the opposite sex from different populations meet but do not mate (sexual selection)

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23
Q

Postmating

A

mating occurs, but no viable zygote formation

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24
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

genitalia do not fit (“lock and key hypothesis”)

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25
Behavioral discrimination
lack of stimulation
26
Postzygotic barriers
hybrid zygotes have reduced fitness
27
Environmental
hybrid fitness reduced by environmental factors
28
Ecological inviability
hybrids are not suited for environmental factors as well as their parents
29
Behavioral sterility
hybrids do not obtain mates as well as their parents
30
Internal
hybrid fitness reduced by internal genetic factors
31
Hybrid sterility
hybrids do not produce viable gametes
32
Primary
originates in situ as natural selection alters allele frequencies within contiuous populations. The position of the hybrid zone is likely to correspond to a sharp change in one or more environmental factors (see parametric speciation)
33
Secondary
forms when two formerly allopatric populations that have become genetically differentiated expand so that they meet and interbreed
34
Polyploidy
increased number of chromosomes (very common in plants) Failure of the reduction division during meiosis produces diploid gametes
35
Allopolyploids
union of unreduced gametes of different species
36
Incipient speciation
populations in the process of becoming different species
37
Specialists
use a narrow range of resources
38
Generalists
use a broad range of resources
39
Incumbent replacement
extinction of an earlier group is followed by proliferation of a later group. The later group did not drive the earlier one extinct
40
Time Hypothesis
tropical communities have had more time for speciation than temperate or polar communities
41
Climate Hypothesis
more species can adapt to favorable climate in the tropics than harsh climate in other areas
42
Productivity Hypothesis
the total rate of photosynthesis is higher in tropical zones
43
Competition Hypothesis
species are more specialized in the tropics, allowing more species to coexist
44
Predation-Disturbance Hypothesis
Predation and abiotic disturbances are at an intermediate level in the tropics, allowing more species to coexist
45
Speciation Hypothesis
Speciation rate is higher in the tropics
46
Development
the processes by which a multicellular organism undergoes a series of progressive changes, taking on successive forms that characterize its life cycle
47
Determination
sets the "fate" of a cell (the type of cell it will become)
48
Differentiation
processes that cause a specific type of cell to arise (differential gene expression)
49
Morphogenesis
the shaping of differentiated cells into specific structures and organs
50
Growth
increase in the size of an organism's body and organs
51
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
("evo-devo") study of the role of developmental processes on the evolution of life on Earth
52
Preadaptation
a pre-existing feature that fortuitously serves a new function
53
Exaptation
a preadaptation that has been modified to served a new function
54
Co-option
evolution of novel functions for pre-existing genes
55
Regulatory genes
control the expression of other genes; found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
56
Homeobox genes
regulatory gene complexes found in a wide variety of eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi) which control developmental processes, usually by controlling transcription
57
Hox genes
control the identity of segments along the anterior-posterior axis of all metazoans
58
Pax6 gene
controls formation of eyes in bilayer animals
59
Greenhouse gases
CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs
60
Ecosystem services
the benefits people obtain from ecosystems
61
Ecosystem functions
ecological processes that control the fluxes of energy, nutrients and organic matter through the environment
62
Water regulation
the timing and magnitude of runoff, flooding and aquifer recharge can be strongly influenced by changes in land cover such as conversion of wetlands and forests with croplands or urban areas
63
Complementary effect
Species differ in the way they utilize resources (resource partitioning). Hence, as species diversity increases, utilization of all resources increases.
64
Sampling effect
A few dominant species are much more productive than all the others. Hence, the probability that the community will contain at least one dominant species increases with species richness
65
Biodiversity-Ecosystem-Service Hypothesis
biodiversity enhances the benefits people obtain from ecosystems
66
Allozyme
variant forms of an enzyme that are coded by different alleles at the ams locus
67
Pest
an organism that interferes with human activities
68
Chemical Control
pesticides
69
Direct vs Indirect Damage
pest that cause indirect damage (damage to parts of plants that are not marketed) are more likely to be controlled below the "economic threshold" level than are pests that cause direct damage to marketed parts of plants
70
Habitat Stability
Projects in orchards are more successful than those in annual crops because the habitats in annual crops are disturbed each year. Hence, when pests colonize crops faster than natural enemies, biological control is unsuccessful
71
Multiple vs Single Species Introductions
Many cases of successful biological control are due to a single natural enemy species. Multiple species introductions may cause more harm than good because some predators might impede successful control by the best species
72
Integrative Pest Management
pest control using a variety of methods, including chemical and biological control and habitat modification
73
Species Invasions
introduction of foreign species may have caused ~40% of all recent extinctions

BIS 2B (3 decks)

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