Outcome 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at
the same place on a chromosome.
Allogeneic
Different genetics between individuals from the same species.
denoting, relating to, or involving tissues or cells that are genetically dissimilar
and hence immunologically incompatible, although from individuals of the same species.
Chemotaxis
Movement of cells up a concentration gradient of chemotactic factors.
movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction
corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular
substance.
Amorphic gene
Amorphic describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function.
Amorph is sometimes used interchangeably with “genetic null”. An amorphic mutation might
cause complete loss of protein function by disrupting translation (“protein null”) and/or
preventing transcription (“RNA null”)
Antibody
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Also
called gamma immunoglobulins.
Antigen
any foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the
production of antibodies. A molecule capable of interacting with an antibody or a T-cell
receptor
Antigen-presenting Cell (APC)
an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is
a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) on
their surfaces that are involved in presentation of antigen to T cells; T cells may recognize
these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells are dendritic cells, B cells
and macrophages.
Chemokines
Proteins that stimulate both specific and general immune cells and help coordinate immune responses and inflammation. They are released by cells at a site of injury or infection, and call other cells to help repair the area.
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
CD (cluster determinants or cluster of differentiation)
The cluster of differentiation is a
protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing
targets for immunophenotyping of cells. A system used to name and define specific cell
molecules
Co-dominant
the expression of both the maternal and paternal copy of a gene in a
heterozygote.
Complement
A system of around 25 proteins that help antibodies destroy bacteria. Complement also helps remove antibody coated antigens from the body. The proteins also cause blood vessels to dilate- causing the inflammatory response.
The complement system is a group of proteins that are a part of
the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic
cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, &
attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane.
Cytokines
Chemical messengers that regulate the immune response. Produced by virtually all cells of the innate immune system.
any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, & growth factors,
that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells such
as regulation of the intensity and duration of the immune response.
Disease vs Infection
Infection : often the first step, occurs when bacteria, viruses or other microbes that cause
disease enter your body and begin to multiply.
Disease : occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result of the infection and
signs and symptoms of an illness appear.
Dominant
An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the
effect of the recessive allele or gene when present.
Effector cell
A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus.
a lymphocyte (as a T cell) that has been induced to differentiate into a form
(as a cytotoxic T cell) capable of mounting a specific immune response—called also effector
lymphocyte.
Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells line the inside of every blood vessel in the body. They
form a one-cell-thick layer called the endothelium, which is also found on the inner walls of
the heart chambers and lymphatic vessels, which carry excess blood plasma around the body.
The endothelium is very extensive.
Epitope
the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself. Also known as
antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system,
specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells
Gene
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine
some characteristic of the offspring. (“proteins coded directly by genes”)
Genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism
Haplotype
A haplotype is a group of genes within an organism that was inherited together
from a single parent. The word “haplotype” is derived from the word “haploid,” which
describes cells with only one set of chromosomes, and from the word “genotype,” which
refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
Hematopoiesis
The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development,
and differentiation of blood cells. Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sack, then in
the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow.
Heterophile
An antibody that is circulating through the body that is reactive to an antigen from a separate species.
Pertaining to cross-reacting antigens occurring in different species or to
antibodies directed against such antigens (heterophile antibodies). For example, in rheumatic
fever, antibodies against group A streptococcal cell walls can also react with (and thus
damage) human heart tissues
Heterozygous
The genetics term heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is
dominant and one is recessive — they’re different.
Histocompatibility
The ability of tissues to be compatible.
the condition of having antigenic similarities such that cells or tissues
transplanted from one (the donor) to another (the recipient) are not rejected.
