Outcome 1A

Question 1

What is the function of the muscular system?

Answer 1

• body movement
• adequate posture
• essential bodily functions
• produce heat

Question 2

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 2

1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth

Question 3

What are skeletal muscles?

Answer 3

• voluntary
• all muscles are attatched to the skeleton and produce movement
• striated appearance due to arrangement of muscle fibres

Question 4

What are cardiac muscles?

Answer 4

• involuntary
• make up the walls of the heart

Question 5

What are muscle fibres bundled together in?

Answer 5

fasciculi

Question 6

What are the 3 types of muscle fibre arrangement?

Answer 6

fusiform
pennate
radiate

Question 7

What are fusiform muscles?

Answer 7

• type of parallel/strap muscle

Question 8

What are the characteristics of fusiform muscles?

Answer 8

• run the length of the muscle belly

Question 9

What are the functions of fusiform muscles?

Answer 9

• designed for mobility
• produce contractions over a large range
• low force

Question 10

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

Answer 10

bicep

Question 11

What are the 3 catergories of pennate muscles?

Answer 11

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

Question 12

What are the characteristics of pennate muscles?

Answer 12

• run at angles to the tendons
• greater numbers of muscle fibres are packed into the muscle
• low lengths of fibres (in comparison to overal muscle length)

Question 13

What are the functions of pennate muscles?

Answer 13

• designed for strength and force
• tire easiliy and quickly

Question 14

What are UNIpennate muscle fibres and an eg?

Answer 14

• fibres on one side of a central tendon
• tibialis anterior

Question 15

What are BIpennate muscle fibres and an eg?

Answer 15

• fibres run off either side of a central tendon
• rectus femoris (quads)

Question 16

What are MULTIpennate muscle fibres and an eg?

Answer 16

• fibres branch out from several tendons
• enables greatest force
• deltoid

Question 17

What are the characteristics of radiate muscles?

Answer 17

• broad origin at one end
• fascicles converge into a small insertion at other end

Question 18

What are the functions of radiate muscles?

Answer 18

• produce lots of force

Question 19

What is an example of a radiate muscle?

Answer 19

• pectoralis major

Question 20

What are ligaments?

Answer 20

bone to bone

Question 21

What are tendons?

Answer 21

muscle to bone

Question 22

What is cartilage?

Answer 22

gel between joints

Question 23

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 23

• allows movement
• gives body shape
• makes blood cells
• provides protection for organs

Question 24

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 24

• fixed/fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial joints

Question 25

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 25

- connected by **tough connective tissue** - interlocked with irregular edges eg) skull, pelvis, sacrum

Question 26

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 26

-**connected by cartilage** - allow slight movement eg) ribs, lumbar

Question 27

What are synovial joints?

Answer 27

- greatest range of movement - synovial fluid

Question 28

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 28

1. gliding 2. saddle 3. condyloid 4. ball and socket 5. pivot 6. hinge

Question 29

What are gliding joints and eg?

Answer 29

- flat or slightly curved faces - carpal bones

Question 30

What are saddle joints and eg?

Answer 30

- sideways/back/foward - thumb joint

Question 31

What are condyloid joints and eg?

Answer 31

- angular movement - wrist and fingers

Question 32

What are ball and socket joints and eg?

Answer 32

- all movement in all directions - shoulder and hip joints

Question 33

What are pivot joints and eg?

Answer 33

- rotation - 1st 2nd vertebrae

Question 34

What are hinge joints and eg?

Answer 34

- 1 bone moves, other stationary - elbow and knee joint

Question 35

What are slow twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 35

type 1 - best suited to low intensity, endurance work - aerobic - produce low force, low power and speed long distance

Question 36

What are the 2 types of fast twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 36

oxidative glycolytic

Question 37

What are oxidative types?

Answer 37

type 2a - combination of the benefits of both type 1 and type 2b fibres 400/800m

Question 38

What are glycolytic types?

Answer 38

type 2b - produce high force, power, speed - low endurance - breaks down glycogen short sprints

Question 39

What are concentric muscle actions? eg

Answer 39

- muscle length shortens eg) bicep in bicep curl elbow flexion

Question 40

What are eccenric muscle actions?

Answer 40

- muscle length increases - gravity resistant movement eg) bicep in bicep curl elbow extension

Question 41

What are isometric muscle actions?

Answer 41

- constant muscle length

Question 42

What are agonists?

Answer 42

- contracting muscles - causing movement - creating force or power - prime mover

Question 43

What are antagonists?

Answer 43

- lengthening muscles - relaxing muscles - action is always opposite to agonist

Question 44

What is a motor unit?

Answer 44

- one motor neuron and the muscle fibre is stimulates - include fast OR slow twitch mf - more force generated = more units activated

Question 45

What does the size principle for mf recruitment state?

Answer 45

the recruitment of motor units within a skeletal muscle starts with small motor units to large motor units.

Question 46

When do we recruit smaller motor units?

Answer 46

less power

Question 47

When do we recruit larger motor units?

Answer 47

more power

Question 48

What is the all or nothing principle?

Answer 48

muscle fibres either contract maximally or not at all

Question 49

What are 3rd class levers?

Answer 49

- force is located between the axis and resistance or load to be moved AFR eg) kicking soccer ball w/ leg back knee = axis leg = force foot - resistance