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Biology > Outcome 2: BC Pathways, Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Outcome 2: BC Pathways, Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions taking place inside a living cell

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2
Q

What are the two types of major reactions that occur in cells?

A

Anabolic and Catabolic

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3
Q

What is a anabolic reaction?

A

An endergonic reaction where molecules are joined together with the help of ATP (endothermic condensation reaction)

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4
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

An exergonic reaction where molecules are broken apart, and it releases energy (exothermic spontaneous reaction)

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5
Q

What is a biochemical pathway?

A

Where products of the first step become the reactants in the next step, this continues until a final product is reached

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6
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance where enzyme will act

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst

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8
Q

How does a chloroplast produce oxygen and glucose? (Worded equation)

A

carbon dioxide + water –light energy–> oxygen + glucose

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9
Q

How does a mitochondria produce carbon dioxide and ATP?

A

oxygen + glucose —-> carbon dioxide + ATP + energy produced

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10
Q

Is cellular respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

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11
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

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12
Q

What is ADP?

A

adenosine diphosphate (di=2)

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13
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate (tri=3)

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14
Q

What is the difference between ADP and ATP?

A

ADP has had its third phosphate broken off to produce energy.

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15
Q

What is the broken off phosphate from ATP called?

A

Pi (subscript under ADP)

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16
Q

How is ADP involved in cellular respiration?

A

The reaction means the phosphate is reattached to form ATP (30 or 32 ADP involved in reaction)

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17
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Lowers the amount of energy (activation energy) required for a reaction to proceed

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18
Q

Why can catalysts be reused?

A

Because they are not changed or consumed in the reaction

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19
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

The substrate fits correctly into the enzyme (this forms a enzyme substrate complex)

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20
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

enzyme changed shape slightly to fit substrate

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21
Q

How can enzymes be used to regulate biochemical pathways? (5 points)

A
  • regulate availability
  • regulate levels of cofactors/coenzymes
  • regulate levels of other enzymes
  • introduce inhibitors
  • change environmental factors (e.g. temp, pH)
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22
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where a substrate binds to an enzyme

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23
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Inorganic molecule e.g. metal ions

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24
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

non-protein organic substances that carry molecules to enzymes

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25
What is the loaded version of ADP?
ATP
26
What is the loaded version of NAD+?
NADH
27
What is the loaded version of FAD?
FADH
28
What is the loaded version of NADP+?
NADPH
29
What is the unloaded version of ATP?
ADP
30
What is the unloaded version of NADH?
NAD+
31
What is the unloaded version of FADH?
FAD
32
What is the unloaded version of NADPH?
NADP+
33
How are coenzymes loaded?
oxidation reactions
34
How are coenzymes unloaded?
reduction reactions
35
How is reaction speed increased (collision theory)?
- Increase temp - Increase concentration - Maintaining enzyme substrate specificity
36
Why is there a limit on how much you can increase the temperature to increase reaction speed?
Past a certain temperature the enzymes will be denatured and no longer work
37
What does a enzyme inhibitor do?
Disrupts normal reaction pathway between enzyme and substrate
38
What does a irreversible inhibitor do?
Forms strong covalent bonds that causes permanent attachment
39
What does a reversible inhibitor do?
Forms weak bonds, temporary attachments
40
What does a competitive inhibitor do?
Binds to the enzymes active site and blocks substrate
41
How can an competitive inhibitor be counteracted?
By adding more substrate
42
What does a non competitive inhibitor do?
Binds to allosteric site with causes a change in the active site to no longer able to fit the substrate
43
Why can't adding more substrate increase rate of reaction with non competitive inhibitors?
Because its not in direct competition with the substrate
44
What is an autotroph?
Organism that can make its own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
45
What is an heterotroph?
Organism that cannot make its own food
46
C3 plants
Most common type of plant, regular photosynthesis
47
C4 plants
Live in high temps, bundle sheath cells are located deeper in the cell and mesophylls near the edge. Light dependent occurs is mesophylls, light independent occurs in bundle sheath cells. PEP carboxylase used to transport carbons.
48
CAM plants
Lives in arid, dry environments. Stomata only opens at night to take in CO2 and prevent water loss. Carbon is stored as mallic acid in lysosome (converted by PEP carboxylase) Can also perform C3 if in wet conditions
49
Characteristics of chloroplasts
- Only found in leaves - thought to once be its own cell because of the double membrane - has its own DNA
50
Where are chloroplasts mostly located?
In Mesophyll cells
51
What is A
Double Membrane
52
What is B
Granum (plural=grana)
53
What is C
Thylakoid
54
What is D
Stroma
55
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light dependent - convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP) in thylakoids Light independent - Chemical energy used to synthesize organic compounds in stroma
56
Revise me
57
Revise me
58
What is the light dependent chemical equation?
water + NADP+ + ADP + Pi --light,chlorophyl--> oxygen + NADPH + ATP
59
What is the light independent chemical equation? (calvin cycle)
CO2 + NADPH + ATP ----> Glucose + water + NADP+ + ADP + Pi
60
What are the inputs and outputs of the light dependent stage?
Inputs: 18ADP, 18Pi, 12NADP+, 12H2O Outputs: 6O2, 18ATP, 12NADPH
61
What are the inputs and outputs of the light independent stage?
Inputs: 18ATP, 12NADPH, 6CO2 Outputs: C6H12O6 (glucose), 6H2O
62
What is the name of the enzyme that coverts ADP and Pi to ATP?
ATP synthase
63
What is the role of rubisco?
Catalyzes the calvin cycle,
64
What is the issue with rubisco is high temps?
The enzymes shape can change slightly to fit oxygen and use it in preference to carbon (photorespiration)
65
How does light intensity affect rate of photosynthesis?
Increased light intensity = increased rate og photosynthesis
66
What is the best and worst colours of light for photosynthesis?
Best: blue/red Worst: Green
67
What is the purpose of chlorophyll A?
Converts light energy to chemical energy
68
What is the purpose of chlorophyll B?
adsorbs extra light for A, carotenoids do the same thing
69
If a plant wilts and looses water, what will happen?
The stomata will close and photosynthesis will stop
70
What is the effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis?
Increased temp = increased rate of photosynthesis, until optimal temp
71
What is the effect of concentration of CO2 on rate of photosynthesis?
Increased CO2 concentration = increased rate of photosynthesis
72
What is a limiting factor?
Another factor that limits rate of photosynthesis
73
What is anaerobic respiration?
- Incomplete breakdown - Produces less ATP - No O2 required
74
What is aerobic respiration?
- Complete breakdown - Larger yield of ATP - O2 required
75
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
76
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Inputs - 1 glucose - 2 ATP - 4 ADP - 4 Pi - 2 NAD+ Outputs - 2 pyruvate - 2 ADP - 2 Pi - 4 ATP - 2 NADH
77
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
78
Other names for the Krebs cycle?
- TCA cycle - Citric acid cycle
79
Inputs and outputs of Krebs cycle?
Inputs - 2 pyruvate - 6 NAD+ - 2 FAD - 2 ADP - 2 pi Outputs - 6 CO2 - 6 NADH - 2 FADH2 - 2 ATP
80
What is pyruvate converted to before entering the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
81
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
In mitochondrial cristae
82
Inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain?
Inputs - 6 O2 - 26 or 28 ADP - 26 or 28 Pi - 10 NADH - 2 FADH2 Outputs - 6 H2O - 26 or 28 ATP - 10 NAD+ - 2 FAD
83
What is A?
Intermembrane space
84
What is B?
Matrix
85
What is C?
Outer membrane
86
What is D?
Cristae
87
What is E?
Inner membrane
88
What three things do mitochondria have in common with chloroplasts?
Own genetic material, double membrane, own ribosomes
89
In anaerobic respiration what are the products? what are they converted to in animals and plants?
Products: pyruvate, 2 ATP Animals: pyruvate -> lactic acid Plants: pyruvate -> ethanol + CO2
90
What is anaerobic respiration called in plants?
Fermentation
91
What is the worded equation for alcoholic fermentation?
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP
92
What is this an example of?
Lactic acid fermentation
93
What is this an example of?
Alcoholic fermentation
94
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are ___________
Interdependent
95
What are the factors affecting rate of cellular respiration? (6)
1. Glucose availability 2. oxygen availability 3. Temp 4. Enzyme amount 5. pH 6. Cofactors, coenzymes, comp and non-comp inhibitors
96
Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind?
Allosteric site
97
Where do competitive inhibitors bind?
Active site

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