Outcome 2 Study Questions

Question 1

What command would you use to determine the absolute path of the current directory you are in?

Answer 1

pwd – Prints the absolute path of the current directory.

Question 2

List the command to display all files and directories inside /bin in long format.

Answer 2

ls -l /bin – Lists all files in /bin with details.

Question 3

How would you find out where the ls command is located on the system?

Answer 3

which ls or whereis ls – Shows the location of the ls command.

Question 4

Write the command to display the kernel version of the current Linux system.

Answer 4

uname -r – Displays the Linux kernel version.

Question 5

What does the following command do?

ls /dev | grep tty

Answer 5

ls /dev | grep tty – Lists all device files containing “tty” in their name.

Question 6

Which command allows you to view a paginated list of files within the /etc directory?

Answer 6

ls -l /etc | less

Question 7

Issue the command to create the following directory structure in one line:

/home/user/labs/test1/test2/test3

Answer 7

mkdir -p /home/user/labs/test1/test2/test3

Question 8

How do you create an empty file called testfile.txt in your current directory?

Answer 8

touch testfile.txt

Question 9

Write the command to copy testfile.txt from your home directory to /var/tmp/.

Answer 9

cp ~/testfile.txt /var/tmp/

Question 10

How would you rename testfile.txt to logfile.log?

Answer 10

mv testfile.txt logfile.log

Question 11

What command would you use to delete a non-empty directory called old_projects?

Answer 11

rm -rf old_projects

Question 12

Write the command to move logfile.log to a directory called logs.

Answer 12

mv logfile.log logs/

Question 13

What are the default file permissions for a newly created file in Linux?

Answer 13

rw-r–r– (644)

Question 14

Issue the command to modify the permissions of script.sh to be executable only by the owner.

Answer 14

chmod 700 script.sh

Question 15

Write the octal equivalent of rwxr-x— file permission.

Answer 15

750

Question 16

Change ownership of project.doc to the user john and group developers.

Answer 16

chown john:developers project.doc

Question 17

How do you recursively change the permissions of all files inside a directory called docs to 644?

Answer 17

chmod -R 644 docs/

Question 18

What command would you use to view detailed permission information of a file named config.conf?

Answer 18

ls -l config.conf

Question 19

Which command allows you to view the last 10 lines of a file called error.log in real-time?

Answer 19

tail -f error.log

Question 20

Write the command to search for all occurrences of the word “error” inside the file system.log.

Answer 20

grep “error” system.log

Question 21

How would you display only the first 5 lines of a file called data.csv?

Answer 21

head -5 data.csv

Question 22

Find all .txt files within /var/logs/ that contain the word “critical”.

Answer 22

grep -rl “critical” /var/logs/*.txt

Question 23

Using grep, write the command to search for lines that do NOT contain the word “debug” in logfile.txt.

Answer 23

grep -v “debug” logfile.txt

Question 24

What does the following command do?

ls /etc | grep -E ‘^p’

Answer 24

Lists all files and directories in /etc that start with the letter “p”.

Question 25

Write a command that redirects the output of ls -l to a file called directory_list.txt.

Answer 25

ls -l > directory_list.txt

Question 26

Modify the above command to append the output instead of overwriting it.

Answer 26

ls -l >> directory_list.txt

Question 27

How would you display the contents of directory_list.txt while also sending the output to another file called backup_list.txt?

Answer 27

cat directory_list.txt | tee backup_list.txt

Question 28

Which command will count the number of lines in a file called report.txt?

Answer 28

wc -l report.txt

Question 29

How do you remove duplicate lines from a file called names.txt?

Answer 29

sort names.txt | uniq > unique_names.txt

Question 30

Write the command to merge two files (file1.txt and file2.txt) and save the result to combined.txt

Answer 30

cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt

Question 31

What command lists all running processes on the system?

Answer 31

ps -e

Question 32

Which command displays real-time system resource usage (CPU, memory, etc.)?

Answer 32

top or htop

Question 33

Issue the command to find and terminate a process with the name myservice.

Answer 33

pkill myservice

Question 34

What is the difference between kill -9 and kill -15?

Answer 34

kill -9 forcefully terminates a process, while kill -15 allows the process to gracefully shut down.

Question 35

How would you run a command in the background?

Answer 35

command &

Question 36

What command would bring a suspended job back to the foreground?

Answer 36

fg

Question 37

Write the command to create a tar archive of the backup directory.

Answer 37

tar -cf backup.tar backup/

Question 38

Modify the previous command to compress the tar file using gzip.

Answer 38

tar -czf backup.tar.gz backup/ If you already have backup.tar and want to compress it → Use **gzip backup.tar** If you are creating a compressed archive from a directory → Use **tar -czf backup.tar.gz backup/**

Question 39

tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /tmp/restore/

Answer 39

If you only want to decompress without extracting → Use **gunzip backup.tar.gz**. If you want to extract everything at once; Use **tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /tmp/restore/ **(recommended).

Question 40

What command would you use to view the contents of backup.tar.gz without extracting it?

Answer 40

tar -tf backup.tar.gz

Question 41

How do you extract only a specific file from backup.tar.gz?

Answer 41

tar -xzf backup.tar.gz path/to/file

Question 42

Write a command to display all hidden files in the current directory.

Answer 42

ls -la

Question 43

How do you create a symbolic link to a file named data.db?

Answer 43

ln -s data.db data_link

Question 44

Issue a command that finds all .log files modified in the last 7 days.

Answer 44

find /path/to/search -name "*.log" -mtime -7

Question 45

What does the find command with -maxdepth 1 option do?

Answer 45

Limits the search to only one level below the current directory.

Question 46

How do you schedule a job using cron to run every Monday at 3 AM?

Answer 46

crontab -e and add: 0 3 * * 1 /path/to/script.sh

Question 47

What is the difference between > and >> when redirecting output?

Answer 47

> overwrites a file, while >> appends to a file.