Outline 2

Question 1

What is autonomy in the context of early adolescents?

Answer 1

Making own decisions and taking responsibility for them

Question 2

How do adolescents who achieve high levels of individuation relate to their families?

Answer 2

They examine their differences yet experience connectedness

Question 3

What did Erickson believe adolescents must confront to create a mature identity?

Answer 3

Old troubles

Question 4

What process do adolescents use to experiment with identities according to Erickson?

Answer 4

Imagining possible selves

Question 5

Who developed a measure of ego identity that allows empirical testing of Erickson’s theories?

Answer 5

Marcia

Question 6

What does being in moratorium mean in Marcia’s identity development theory?

Answer 6

Conflict over issues of identity formation without commitment

Question 7

Define identity diffusion according to Marcia.

Answer 7

Not seeing the importance of choosing one path over another

Question 8

What is carefree diffusion?

Answer 8

Having too much fun where they are

Question 9

What characterizes identity foreclosure?

Answer 9

Adopting parents’ values and career path without question

Question 10

What does identity achieved mean?

Answer 10

Arriving at identity after searching options that best fit

Question 11

What contributes to the development of a self-concept in adolescents?

Answer 11

Capacity for self-reflection

Question 12

What is acculturation in the context of minority adolescents?

Answer 12

External behaviors become less distinct from the majority culture

Question 13

What characterizes the internalization of ethnic identity formation?

Answer 13

Appreciating oneself and others as individuals

Question 14

Marcia’s stage of moratorium corresponds with which aspect of identity?

Answer 14

Ethnic identity search

Question 15

What type of parenting style is associated with higher self-esteem in adolescents?

Answer 15

Authoritative parenting

Question 16

What is authoritarian parenting characterized by?

Answer 16

Using commands like ‘because I said so’

Question 17

Define neglectful parenting.

Answer 17

Leaving children alone to do whatever they want

Question 18

What is indulgent parenting?

Answer 18

Using little punishment and making few demands while being warm

Question 19

What can result from families avoiding discussions of sensitive issues?

Answer 19

Low ego development for kids

Question 20

What is the most common source of parent-adolescent conflict?

Answer 20

Everyday and personal issues

Question 21

What role do older siblings typically take on?

Answer 21

Caretaker, model, friend

Question 22

How do males and females differ in their views of relationships?

Answer 22

Males view relationships as static; females see them as dynamic

Question 23

What does defining oneself as male entail according to Ruthellen & Josselson?

Answer 23

Identification with men whom you never have met

Question 24

How long does it typically take for life to even out after a divorce?

Answer 24

Approximately 2 – 3 years

Question 25

What percentage of adolescents do not experience serious problems after their parent's divorce?

Answer 25

75%

Question 26

When are remarriages most likely to be successful?

Answer 26

When kids are younger than 10 or older than 15

Question 27

What is a better approach for stepparents?

Answer 27

Support biological parent's discipline while building trust

Question 28

What were the most important predictors of adolescents’ adjustment after divorce?

Answer 28

Closeness with the custodial parent and monitoring of activities

Question 29

Who experiences greater conflict, stepsiblings or biological siblings?

Answer 29

Stepsiblings

Question 30

What do parents believe about their influence on adolescent friendships?

Answer 30

They should have some influence over friend choices

Question 31

Why is gossiping important to preadolescents?

Answer 31

It affirms the norms of the group

Question 32

What is a common characteristic of early and mid-adolescent friendships?

Answer 32

Friendships are often with peers of the same gender

Question 33

What is self-disclosure in adolescent friendships?

Answer 33

Sharing personal information and receiving support

Question 34

What is closely associated with increased levels of self-esteem in adolescents?

Answer 34

* Parental support * High ideal self-image * Having a few good friends

Question 35

How do adolescents who are close to their parents relate to their friends?

Answer 35

They have closer relationships with their friends

Question 36

What is the focus of early adolescent boy friendships?

Answer 36

Shared activities

Question 37

What change occurs in girls' friendships by middle adolescence?

Answer 37

More discussions of feelings

Question 38

What do friendships in late adolescence focus on?

Answer 38

Personalities

Question 39

At what age range does dating typically occur?

Answer 39

Between 12 – 16 years old

Question 40

Who typically starts dating earlier, boys or girls?

Answer 40

Girls

Question 41

What allows adolescents to test out dating possibilities at a safe distance?

Answer 41

Having a crush

Question 42

Compared to girls, how much time do adolescent boys spend talking about feelings?

Answer 42

Less time

Question 43

What do popular adolescents learn to do?

Answer 43

Discover what the group is doing before joining in

Question 44

What contributes significantly to a girl's popularity?

Answer 44

Being a social leader

Question 45

How does a secure ethnic identity influence adolescents' views?

Answer 45

They regard adolescents from other cultures more positively

Question 46

What is a clique in the context of adolescent social groups?

Answer 46

A group of 3 to 10 members usually of the same age, sex, class, & ethnic background

Question 47

What is the primary function of a crowd in adolescent social dynamics?

Answer 47

To move adolescents from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups

Question 48

What do adolescents do in crowds to develop social skills?

Answer 48

Try out social skills and receive feedback from their cliques