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Anatomy 212 > Outline 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Outline 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Recognize and provide the common elements of the body

A 
Oxygen- O
Carbon- C
Hydrogen- H
Nitrogen- N
Calcium- Ca
Phosphorus- P
Potassium- K
Sulfur- S
Sodium- Na
Chlorine- Cl
Magnesium- Mg
Iodine- I
Iron- Fe
Trace elements
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2
Q

Distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds and provide examples of each

A

Organic- A compound that lacks carbon
Examples- water, carbon dioxide, carbon mioxide
Inorganic- A compound that has carbon
Examples- carbohydrates, fats (lipids), proteins, and nucleic acids

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3
Q

Describe the five properties of water

A
  1. Cohesion and adhesion
  2. Capillary action
  3. Surface tension
  4. The ability to dissolve many substances
  5. High specific heat
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4
Q

Describe the pH scale, indicating neutral, acidic, basic/alkaline

A

Alkaline 0-7
Neutral 7.35-7.45
Acidic 7-14

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5
Q

Recognize the changes in H+ concentration with changes in pH (inversely proportional)

A

The pH of a solution and the H+ concentration are inversely proportional. The number of H+ ions INCREASES as the pH DECREASES.

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6
Q

List the three classifications of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide
Diasaccharide
Polysaccharide

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7
Q

Provide the building block of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Provide the major functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Energy production
  2. Energy storage
  3. Building macromolecules
  4. Sparing protein
  5. Assisting lipid in metabolism
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9
Q

Provide the characteristic that make lipids lipid

A

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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10
Q

Provide the building block of a triglyceride

A

Fatty acid, glycerol

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11
Q

Provide the building block of a phospholipid

A

two fatty acid tails, the glycerol backbone and a phosphate head

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12
Q

Define the terms dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Dehydration synthesis- monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other site of bond formation
Hydrolysis- A bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

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13
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond

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14
Q

Provide the building block of a protein

A

Amino acid

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15
Q

Describe the four levels of protein structure and provide examples where appropriate

A 
Primary structure
Secondary structure
---Alpha helix
---Beta-pleaded sheet
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
---Four polypeptides construct the protein hemoglobin, a blood protein
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16
Q

Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein determines its function

A
17
Q

Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein is chiefly determined by the primary structure of the protein which is the amino acid sequence

A
18
Q

Provide factors that influence the overall structure of a protein

A
  1. proper amino acid sequence
  2. temperature
  3. pH
  4. cofactors
  5. coenzymes
19
Q

Describe denaturation

A

process modifying the molecular structure of a protein

20
Q

Provide factors that can cause denaturation of a protein

A

pH has destroyed the structure required for function.

21
Q

Recognize that all enzymes are proteins but that not all proteins are enzymes

A
22
Q

Describe the function of an enzyme

A

help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

23
Q

List and describe the characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. They possess great catalytic power and a small amount can easily catalyze a chemical reaction.
  2. They speed up reactions but remain unchanged during the whole reaction.
  3. Temperature
  4. pH
  5. Inhibitors can easily affect the efficiency and action of enzymes.
24
Q

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A

DNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine// short for deoxyribonucleic acid// consists of the sugar, deoxyribose// double-stranded// located within the nucleus// functions as the genetic material// a double helix
RNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil// important for the transcription and translation processes of protein synthesis// single-stranded

25
Q

Describe the building blocks of ATP

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.

26
Q

Describe the role of ATP

A

ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.

27
Q

Distinguish among the lipids and provide examples and functions of each

A
  1. Neutral fats
    - –Example: fatty acids and glycerol
    - –protect and insulate the body organs; the major source of stored energy in the body.
  2. Phospholipids
    - –Example: Lecithin
    - –Participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; abundant in the brain and the nervous tissue in general, where they help to form insulating white matter.
  3. Steroids
    - –Example: cholesterol
    - –decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system
  4. Eicosanoids
    - –Example: prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), and lipoxins (LX)
    - –Function: The main functions include a role in inflammation, function in reproduction, gastric secretion, and regulation of blood pressure.
28
Q

For the major categories of organic compounds, distinguish one from the other based on physical and functional characteristics, provide the building blocks of each, and provide their major functions

A
  1. Carbohydrates
    - –consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    - –monosaccharides
    - –energy production, energy storage, building macromolecules, sparing protein, and assisting in lipid metabolism.
  2. Lipids
    - –fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
    - –Glycerol and fatty acids
    - –store energy
  3. Protein
    - –hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids
    - –amino acids
    - –allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions
  4. Nucleic acids
    - –long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides
    - –nucleotide
    - –storage and expression of genomic information
  5. ATP
    - –a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups
    - –carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
    - –captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes

Anatomy 212 (3 decks)

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