Outline 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Recognize and provide the common elements of the body

Answer 1

Oxygen- O
Carbon- C
Hydrogen- H
Nitrogen- N
Calcium- Ca
Phosphorus- P
Potassium- K
Sulfur- S
Sodium- Na
Chlorine- Cl
Magnesium- Mg
Iodine- I
Iron- Fe
Trace elements

Question 2

Distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds and provide examples of each

Answer 2

Organic- A compound that lacks carbon
Examples- water, carbon dioxide, carbon mioxide
Inorganic- A compound that has carbon
Examples- carbohydrates, fats (lipids), proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 3

Describe the five properties of water

Answer 3

1. Cohesion and adhesion
2. Capillary action
3. Surface tension
4. The ability to dissolve many substances
5. High specific heat

Question 4

Describe the pH scale, indicating neutral, acidic, basic/alkaline

Answer 4

Alkaline 0-7
Neutral 7.35-7.45
Acidic 7-14

Question 5

Recognize the changes in H+ concentration with changes in pH (inversely proportional)

Answer 5

The pH of a solution and the H+ concentration are inversely proportional. The number of H+ ions INCREASES as the pH DECREASES.

Question 6

List the three classifications of carbohydrates

Answer 6

Monosaccharide
Diasaccharide
Polysaccharide

Question 7

Provide the building block of carbohydrates

Answer 7

Monosaccharides

Question 8

Provide the major functions of carbohydrates

Answer 8

1. Energy production
2. Energy storage
3. Building macromolecules
4. Sparing protein
5. Assisting lipid in metabolism

Question 9

Provide the characteristic that make lipids lipid

Answer 9

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 10

Provide the building block of a triglyceride

Answer 10

Fatty acid, glycerol

Question 11

Provide the building block of a phospholipid

Answer 11

two fatty acid tails, the glycerol backbone and a phosphate head

Question 12

Define the terms dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 12

Dehydration synthesis- monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other site of bond formation
Hydrolysis- A bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Question 13

Describe the structure of proteins

Answer 13

A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond

Question 14

Provide the building block of a protein

Answer 14

Amino acid

Question 15

Describe the four levels of protein structure and provide examples where appropriate

Answer 15

Primary structure
Secondary structure
---Alpha helix
---Beta-pleaded sheet
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
---Four polypeptides construct the protein hemoglobin, a blood protein

Question 16

Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein determines its function

Question 17

Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein is chiefly determined by the primary structure of the protein which is the amino acid sequence

Question 18

Provide factors that influence the overall structure of a protein

Answer 18

1. proper amino acid sequence
2. temperature
3. pH
4. cofactors
5. coenzymes

Question 19

Describe denaturation

Answer 19

process modifying the molecular structure of a protein

Question 20

Provide factors that can cause denaturation of a protein

Answer 20

pH has destroyed the structure required for function.

Question 21

Recognize that all enzymes are proteins but that not all proteins are enzymes

Question 22

Describe the function of an enzyme

Answer 22

help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

Question 23

List and describe the characteristics of enzymes

Answer 23

1. They possess great catalytic power and a small amount can easily catalyze a chemical reaction.
2. They speed up reactions but remain unchanged during the whole reaction.
3. Temperature
4. pH
5. Inhibitors can easily affect the efficiency and action of enzymes.

Question 24

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Answer 24

DNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine// short for deoxyribonucleic acid// consists of the sugar, deoxyribose// double-stranded// located within the nucleus// functions as the genetic material// a double helix
RNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil// important for the transcription and translation processes of protein synthesis// single-stranded

Question 25

Describe the building blocks of ATP

Answer 25

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.

Question 26

Describe the role of ATP

Answer 26

ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.

Question 27

Distinguish among the lipids and provide examples and functions of each

Answer 27

1. Neutral fats - --Example: fatty acids and glycerol - --protect and insulate the body organs; the major source of stored energy in the body. 2. Phospholipids - --Example: Lecithin - --Participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; abundant in the brain and the nervous tissue in general, where they help to form insulating white matter. 3. Steroids - --Example: cholesterol - --decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system 4. Eicosanoids - --Example: prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), and lipoxins (LX) - --Function: The main functions include a role in inflammation, function in reproduction, gastric secretion, and regulation of blood pressure.

Question 28

For the major categories of organic compounds, distinguish one from the other based on physical and functional characteristics, provide the building blocks of each, and provide their major functions

Answer 28

1. Carbohydrates - --consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - --monosaccharides - --energy production, energy storage, building macromolecules, sparing protein, and assisting in lipid metabolism. 2. Lipids - --fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water - --Glycerol and fatty acids - --store energy 3. Protein - --hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids - --amino acids - --allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions 4. Nucleic acids - --long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides - --nucleotide - --storage and expression of genomic information 5. ATP - --a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups - --carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus - --captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes