Ovarian And Menstrual Cycles - 2/23 Cole

Question 1

Primary oocytes are held in what phase of meiosis until when?

Answer 1

Prophase I until ovulation

Question 2

Secondary oocytes are held in what phase until what?

Answer 2

Metaphase II until fertilization

Question 3

What is located in the cortex of uterus?

Medulla?

Answer 3

Oocyte containing follicles

Stroma and blood supply

Question 4

What happens in the follicular phase?

Answer 4

Growth of dominant follicle

Primordial to tertiary (Graafian) follicle

Question 5

What happens in the ovulation phase?

Answer 5

Oocyte ruptures out of Graafian follicle

LH surge

Question 6

What happens in the Luteal phase?

Answer 6

CL forms, secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 7

The 1st primordial follicle is a primary oocyte surrounded by what tissue?

Before or after puberty?

Answer 7

Squamous epithelium

Before puberty, inactive follicle

Question 8

The early primary or unilayered follicle has what kind of tissue?

What else is happening?

Answer 8

Single layer of cuboidal follicular epithelium

ZP begins to form

Question 9

The late primary or multilayered follicle is what kind of tissue?

What is happening?

Answer 9

Several layers of cuboidal follicular epithelium

ZP forms glycoprotein coat

Question 10

What does the ovarian stroma differentiate into?

Answer 10

Theca interna - squamous cells

Theca externa - capsule-like layer w/ct of ovary

Question 11

What appears between follicular cells in the secondary follicle?

What is the fluid?

Answer 11

Fluid-filled cavities: Call-Exner bodies

Liquor folliculi

Question 12

What is the liquor folliculi rich in?

Answer 12

Hyaluronic acid

Question 13

How do you know it is a secondary follicle?

Answer 13

Antrum present

Question 14

What has developed in a tertiary (Graafian) Follicle?

Answer 14

Corona Radiata

Cumulus Oophorus

Question 15

Describe the structure of the tertiary follicle

Answer 15

Antrum occupies most of the space

Oocyte displaced to 1 side

Question 16

What is expressed in granulosa cells to inhibit formation of other follicles?

Answer 16

AMH

Question 17

PCOS results from what?

Especially what?

Clinical manifestations?

Answer 17

Disrupted folliculogenesis due to defect in paracrine oocyte-granulosa cells signaling mechanism

AMH

Abnormal menstruation, hairy, acne, obesity

Question 18

What becomes the corpus hemorrhagicum?

Answer 18

Blood vessels of the Theca interna invade the antrum to become it

Question 19

What is Mittelschmerz?

What can it mimic?

Answer 19

Mid-cycle pain due to ovulation

Appendicitis

Question 20

How do estrogens affect tubal motility?

Progesterone?

Answer 20

Stimulate

Inhibit

Question 21

What is stimulus to retain corpus luteum?

Fx of CL?

Answer 21

hCG

Synthesize and secrete steroid hormones

Question 22

what does the CL consist of and what do those things make?

Answer 22

Follicular (Granulosa) cells make Estrogen

Theca cells make androstenedione and progesterone

Question 23

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 23

Dense CT scar formed from degeneration of CL

Question 24

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

Basal layer?

Answer 24

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

Question 25

What kind of tissue is endometrium? What are the components of it?

Answer 25

Simple columnar Lamina propria Fibroblasts Ground substance Type III collagen

Question 26

Describe the stratum functionalis

Answer 26

Proliferates and sloughs off during menstruation Hormone sensitive Cyclical changes

Question 27

The myometrium has 3 layers of smooth m. Which layer is special? What does it have?

Answer 27

Middle layer Arcuate arteries "stratum vasculare"

Question 28

What does the uterine artery give off in the myometrium? What does this branch into and what do they supply?

Answer 28

Arcuate a. Straight a. To stratum basalis Spiral (helical) a. To stratum functionalis

Question 29

What are Leiomyomas? What do they arise from?

Answer 29

Uterine fibroid benign tumors Overgrowth of smooth m. And cT

Question 30

Uterine artery embolization uses what? How does it work?

Answer 30

Polyvinyal alcohol (PVA) DEC blood flow to uterus and fibroids

Question 31

Describe the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

Answer 31

Functional layer begins to thicken Spiral arteries are short and deep Endometrial glands are short, straight, empty

Question 32

Describe the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

Answer 32

Functional layer very thick Spiral arteries long and grow superficially in the endometrium Endometrial glands are tortuous and filled with glycogen-rich secretory products

Question 33

Describe the menstrual phase

Answer 33

Spiral arteries begin contracting to the junction of straight arteries -> DEC O2 -> necrosis Neutrophils and lymphocytes inflitrate

Question 34

What is endometriosis?

Answer 34

Endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually the tubes, ovary and peritoneal lining of abdomen and pelvis

Question 35

What is the cause of Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 35

PGE2 and PGF2alpha released from endometrial cells -> stimulate uterine contraction leads to pain

Question 36

What causes PMDS? Males or females?

Answer 36

Defect in AMH gene or AMHR2 receptor Males

Question 37

Turner's syndrome 45X will have what?

Answer 37

Atrophic ovaries

Question 38

The Transformation zone is the most common site for what? The change of epithelium is from what to what?

Answer 38

Squamous cell carcinoma Simple squamous to stratified squamous non-keratinized

Question 39

Invasive cancer is described by what?

Answer 39

Proliferating epithelial cells cross the basal lamina into the underlying CT

Question 40

What are most cervical cancers related to?

Answer 40

HPV 16 and 18

Question 41

When does meiosis begin? What is happening?

Answer 41

8-9 weeks gestation Primordial oocyte -> primary oocyte