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MD1 Reproduction > Ovarian and Testicular Function > Flashcards

Ovarian and Testicular Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major functions of reproductive organs?

A

Gametogenesis

Secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Which cells produce spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cell in seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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4
Q

Which cells secrete oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

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5
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A 
Germ cells exist in embryonic gonad
Mitotic divisions increase number of germ cells
Meiosis produces
- Primary gamete
- Secondary gamete
- Haploid gamete
Timing different in males and females
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6
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium > mitotic proliferation > 
- 1 daughter cells remains at outer edge of seminiferous tubule to maintain germ cell line
- 1 daughter cells moves toward lumen to produce spermatozoa
- Diploid
Primary spermatocyte
- Diploid
- Undergo 1st meiotic division
Secondary spermatocyte
- Haploid
- Undergo 2nd meiotic division
Spermatids
- Haploid
- Mature
Spermatozoa
- Haploid
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7
Q

Describe oogenesis

A

Starts at foetal life
Oogonium
- Mitotic proliferation prior to birth in foetal ovaries
- Diploid
Primary oocytes
- Diploid
- Arrested in 1st meiotic division
- After puberty, 1 primary oocyte reaches maturity and ovulated per month, until menopause
- Each cycle, many primary oocytes start to develop, but only 1 finishes meiosis I
Secondary oocyte + 1st polar body
- Haploid
- 2nd meiotic division completed after fertilisation
- 2nd polar body produced

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8
Q

What does one oogonium eventually produce after oogenesis?

A

1 ovum + 3 polar bodies

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9
Q

What happens to the polar bodies?

A

Degenerate

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10
Q

What sex steroids does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

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11
Q

What sex steroids does the testis produce?

A

Testosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the hormonal regulation of reproduction, and what hormone does it secrete?

A

Pulse generator

Secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone

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13
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

Luteinising hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

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14
Q

What are the peptide hormones produced by the gonads?

A

Inhibin

Activin

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15
Q

What converts testosterone to oestradiol in females?

A

Aromatase

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16
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT in males?

A

5-alpha-reductase

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17
Q

Do males have a lot of aromatase?

A

No

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18
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate in the gonads?

A

Gamete production

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19
Q

What does luteinising hormone stimulate in the gonads?

A

Steroid synthesis

Gamete production in females only

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20
Q

What is the long-loop feedback in gonadotropin release?

A

Steroid and peptide hormones feed back to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Can be negative/positive

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21
Q

What is the short-loop feedback in gonadotropin release?

A

Anterior pituitary hormones negatively feed back to hypothalamus

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22
Q

What are the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?

A

Penis

Scrotum

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23
Q

What are the accessory glands and ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Bulbourethral gland

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24
Q

Where in the testes are sperm made?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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25
Where does sperm maturation occur?
Epididymis
26
What delivers sperm to the urethra?
Vas deferens
27
Describe the cellular structure of the seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells surround and support sperm Spermatogonia divide and produce all sperm cells Interstitial tissues support spermatogenesis - Leydig cells produce testosterone - Capillaries deliver nutrients and remove wastes
28
What are the effects of testosterone before birth?
Masculinises reproductive tract and external genitalia | Promotes descent of testes into scrotum
29
What are the effects of testosterone on sex-specific tissues?
Promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system | Spermatogenesis
30
What are the other reproductive effects of testosterone?
Sex drive | Control of gonadotropin secretion
31
What are the secondary sexual effects of testosterone?
Hair growth Voice deepens Muscle growth Body configuration
32
What are the non-reproductive actions of testosterone?
Protein anabolic effects Bone growth Closure of epiphyses Sebaceous gland secretions
33
What do the bulbourethral glands produce, and what are each component's functions?
``` Mucus = lubricant Buffers = neutralise acidic environment of vagina ```
34
What does the prostate gland produce, and what are each component's functions?
Buffers = neutralise acidic environment of vagina Citric acid = nourish sperm Enzymes = clot semen in vagina > liquefy clot
35
What do the seminal vesicles produce, and what are each component's functions?
Fructose = nourish sperm Vitamin C = nourish sperm Enzymes = clot semen vagina > liquefy clot Prostaglandins = smooth muscle contraction
36
What does the epididymis produce, and what are each component's functions?
Carnitine = nourish sperm
37
Which cells in the male does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?
Sertoli cells | To stimulate spermatogenesis
38
What do Sertoli cells produce in response to follicle stimulating hormone that acts as negative feedback on follicle stimulating hormone release?
Inhibin
39
Which cells in the male does luteinising hormone stimulate?
Leydig cells
40
What cell product of Sertoli cells does testosterone bind to?
Androgen-binding protein
41
When does the menstrual cycle start?
Puberty
42
When does the menstrual cycle end?
Menopause
43
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular/proliferative | Luteal/secretory
44
What secondary sex characteristics are controlled by oestrogen in females?
Breast development | Distribution of body fat
45
What secondary sex characteristics are controlled by adrenal androgens?
Growth of pubic and axillary hair | Sex drive
46
What external structures protect the vagina?
Labia majora | Labia minora
47
What structure releases the dominant oocyte?
Mature follicle ruptures
48
What happens to the follicle after it releases its oocyte?
Becomes corpus luteum
49
What is the myometrium?
Muscular layer of uterus > contracts during labour
50
What part of the uterus changes drastically during the menstrual cycle and leads to bleeding during menstruation?
Endometrium
51
What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Follicle growth in ovary | Days 0-13
52
What happens in ovulation?
Follicle ruptures and releases oocyte | Day 14
53
What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy Days 15-28
54
What happens during menses?
No pregnancy | Bleeding from uterus as endometrium shed
55
What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
New layer of endometrium in preparation of pregnancy
56
What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Conversion of endometrium to secretory structure to promote implantation
57
What hormone stimulates follicular development?
Follicle stimulating hormone
58
What does follicular development involve?
Maturation to secondary and tertiary follicle | Granulosa cells produce oestrogen
59
What is the effect of the oestrogen produced by the granulosa cells in the follicular phase?
Positive feedback develops follicles and increases oestrogen | Negative feedback decreases follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone secretion
60
What cells does luteinising hormone stimulate in females?
Theca cells
61
What do theca cells produce?
Androgens > converted to oestrogen by aromatase in granulosa cells
62
What is happening in the uterus during the early follicular phase of the ovary?
Menstruation
63
What does high oestrogen do during ovulation?
Positive feedback on gonadotropin releasing hormone > luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone surge Primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte Luteinisation
64
What does high inhibin do during ovulation?
Inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and development of new follicle, because we want to fertilisation
65
What does low progesterone during ovulation do?
Positive feedback on gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinising hormone - Therefore more luteinising hormone than follicle stimulating hormone produced
66
What is happening in the uterus around the time of ovulation?
Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of endometrium | Progesterone receptors develop
67
What is happening in the cervix around the time of ovulation?
Abundant, clear non-viscous mucus | - To allow sperm to get up there
68
What happens to the granulosa cells during the luteal phase?
Form corpus luteum | Produce progesterone
69
What do high progesterone and oestrogen do during the luteal phase?
``` Maintain endometrium Decrease secretion of - Gonadotropin releasing hormone - Luteinising hormone - Follicle stimulating hormone ```
70
What does inhibin do during the luteal phase?
Decreases follicle development
71
What are the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum?
Lots of progesterone Oestrogen Inhibin
72
What is happening in the uterus during the luteal phase?
Preparing for pregnancy Vascular Secretory
73
What is happening in the cervix during the luteal phase?
Thick, sticky, viscous mucus - Don't want more sperm coming through - Want to protect reproductive tract
74
What happens to your basal body temperature during the luteal phase?
Increases
75
What should you monitor if you want to get pregnant?
Length of cycle Type of mucus produced Basal body temperature
76
What happens to hormone levels if there is a pregnancy?
Maintain high hormones
77
What happens to hormone levels if there is no pregnancy?
Corpus luteum dies > low hormones Loss of maintenance > menses Removal of negative feedback > high follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone > development of new follicle
78
What causes menopause?
Ovaries cease responding to luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone Cessation of egg development
79
What causes the symptoms of menopause?
Loss of oestrogen

MD1 Reproduction (11 decks)

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