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Biological basis of behaviour > Overall B&B > Flashcards

Overall B&B Flashcards

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1
Q

Connections to limbic system

A

Hypothalamus and olfactory system

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2
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

Outward folded areas

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3
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

Inward folded areas

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4
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates left and right hemisphere

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5
Q

Topographic representation

A

Signals arrive at positions corresponding to the position of the receptor cells

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6
Q

Somatotopic map

A

Signals from hand area of somatosensory cortex which is next to arm area, which is next to shoulder area

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7
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Modulate movements, selective inhibition

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8
Q

Retinotopic map

A

Visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in primary visual cortex

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9
Q

Threshold and resting potential

A

Threshold = -50mV, resting potential = -70mV

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10
Q

Tonotopic map

A

Auditory signals from adjacent areas of cochlea arrive at adjacent areas in primary auditory cortex

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11
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Depolarisation, AP more likely

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12
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

Hyperpolarisation, AP less likely

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13
Q

Glutamate, GABA

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

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14
Q

ACh

A

Activates muscle fibres and cerebral cortex, facilitates learning

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15
Q

Dopamine

A

Voluntary movement, action planning and control

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16
Q

Noradrenalin

A

Increases vigilance, readiness to act

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17
Q

Serotonin

A

Calming, reduces impulsive behaviour

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18
Q

Dopamine 1 and 2 differences

A

D1 activates 2nd messenger, D2 inhibits 2nd messenger

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19
Q

Hebbian modification

A

Correlated activity of pre- and post-synaptic cell is highly correlated, synapses between 2 cells become stronger

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20
Q

Releasing mode of elicitation

A

Discrete fashion, independent of intensity of stimulus (Response is the same size)

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21
Q

Driving mode

A

Continuous fashion, responses vary with characteristics (strong stimulus = large response). Size dependent on strength

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22
Q

Misconceptions of reflexes

A

Repeatable, simple, mediated by spinal circuits, mediated by reflex arcs, stereotyped, not acquired or modified by learning or experience

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23
Q

Holding signal in eyes

A

Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi

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24
Q

Partial recovery of response in habituation means

A

Due to both fatigue and habituation

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25
What does dishabituation establish existence of?
Short-term habituation
26
Threat conditioning
Aversive US and non-aversive CS
27
Grp 1 audio-visual stimulus linked with? (rats exp.)
Illness inducing radiation, aversion to tasty water
28
Grp 2 audio-visual stimulus linked with?
Foot shock, aversion to bright-noisy water
29
Benefits of conditional immunosuppression (2)
Avoidance of side effects and cost savings
30
Extinction procedure
Presenting the CS without the US
31
Instrumental conditioning connections
S-R, R-O, S-O
32
Broca's aphasia (7)
Ability to produce comprehensible speech affected. Anomia, slow, laboured speech, paraphasic errors, telegraphic speech, multisyllabic words impaired, aware of deficit
33
Unilateral damage to SMA
Abnormal action execution, anarchic hand syndrome, denies responsibility
34
Bilateral damage to SMA
Utilisation behaviour, object-appropriate actions, do not see it as unwanted.
35
Lobotomy damage
Superior frontal areas, inferior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex
36
Common sense theory
Experiences cause the bodily responses
37
James-Lange
Experience come after skeletomotor and autonomic reactions have begun. Said sensory experiences are the emotion. People without bodily sensation should not experience emotion. Doesn't predict complete loss of emotional experience with SCI. Emotional experiences can be induced by feedback from the body
38
Canon-Bard
Experiential and bodily responses arise simultaneously in diff neural structures and don't cause each other. Epinephrine injection produces responses associated with emotion, but not emotion. Are 2 parallel systems
39
Papez circuit
Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus
40
Where is CS and US info brought together?
In the lateral nucleus in the amygdalae
41
Hippocampus is crucial for what learning? (2)
Explicit and contextual
42
Functional lateralisation
Function carried out in one side of the CNS, but not the other
43
Wernicke's aphasia
Damage to superior temporal gyrus. Problems understanding language, meaningless, fluent speech. Paraphasia
44
Conduction aphasia
Damage to arcuate fasciculus. Good comprehension, fluent speech, impaired repetition and paraphasia
45
Global aphasia
Temporal and frontal areas damaged. Poor comprehension, little speech, impaired repetition, unknown about paraphasia
46
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Damage from Wernicke's area to concepts. Impairs comprehension of speech, but not repetition
47
Transcortical motor aphasia
Damage from concepts to Broca's area. Resemble Broca's aphasia but no deficits in repetition of speech
48
Stimulation to rostral areas
Stop speech or produce anomia
49
Stimulation to posterior regions
Speech arrest or word confusion
50
Robert Burton mental illnesses
Inwardly-directed anger/guilt. Anatomy of melancholy.
51
Francis Galton mental illnesses
Biological causes, research with twins (hereditary). Coined term nature/nurture, eugenics movement
52
Paradigms in psychopathology
Genetic, neuroscience and cognitive
53
Paradigms in abnormal psychology
Psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive therapy
54
Types of symptoms in depression
Cognitive, physical and initiative-disappears
55
Bipolar 1 must include
1 manic episode
56
Bipolar 2 must include
MDD and hypomania
57
Kraepelin's 2 distinct forms of psychosis
Manic depression and dementia praecox
58
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, blunted effect, asociality
59
Reduction in size in schizophrenia in...
Decreased prefrontal brain function, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
60
Historical treatments of psychosis (5)
Fever therapy, deep sleep therapy, gas therapy, insulin shot therapy, lobotomy
61
Interpersonal problems (4)
Bereavement, role transition, interpersonal conflicts and isolation
62
Mowrer's 2 factor model of anxiety disorders
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
63
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex in anxiety disorders
Activated amygdala, less activity in prefrontal cortex
64
2 medication types of reduce anxiety
Benzodiazepines and anti-depressants
65
BPD symptoms (6)
Avoid abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive, suicidal, feelings of emptiness, anger
66
APD symptoms (7)
Failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, disregard for safety, irresponsible, lack of remorse

Biological basis of behaviour (10 decks)

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