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biol 1106 test 4 > overall guide > Flashcards

overall guide Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

ultimate

A

Concern why behaviors evolved; focus on their impact on survival and reproduction.

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1
Q

promixate

A

Concern how behaviors are triggered and occur physically (hormones, nerves, development).

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2
Q

proximate causation subtypes

A

Physiology
ontogeny

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3
Q

Physiology

A

How internal processes like hormones or brain activity influence behavior.

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4
Q

ontogeny

A

How behavior develops across an organism’s lifetime; learning vs. innate.

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5
Q

ultimate causation subtypes

A

Phylogeny
Adaptive Significance

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6
Q

phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of the behavior.

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7
Q

Adaptive Significance

A

How a behavior affects survival or reproduction.

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8
Q

Key Stimulus or Sign Stimulus

A

Environmental signal that triggers a stereotyped (instinctive) behavior.

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9
Q

Communication

A

Process where one animal sends a signal to modify the behavior of another.

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10
Q

Mate Selection

A

Selection of partners based on traits that may improve offspring success.

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11
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior that appears to sacrifice an individual’s fitness to benefit others.

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12
Q

Learning Types

A

Non-Associative Learning
Associative learning
Instinct
Cognitive learning

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13
Q

Non-Associative Learning

A

Behavior changes with repeated exposure to a stimulus without forming new associations.
Habituiation

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14
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in response after repeated exposure.

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15
Q

Associative Learning

A

classical conditioning
operant conditioning

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16
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associating two stimuli together.
Example: Pavlov’s dogs salivating to a bell.

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17
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Associating a behavior with a reward or punishment.
Example: Dog training with treats.

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18
Q

Instinct

A

Innate predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or form associations.

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19
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Higher-level planning using memory and teaching from experienced individuals.

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20
Q

Population Ecology

A

Study of single-species groups

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21
Q

Community Ecology

A

Study of interacting species.

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22
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Study of living organisms and their physical environment.

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23
Q

Biome Ecology

A

Study of major life zones defined by vegetation and climate.

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24
Conservation/Management:
Application of ecological principles to protect biodiversity.
25
Distribution
Where individuals live geographically.
26
Abundance
Number of individuals in a population.
27
Foraging Range
Area an animal uses to find food.
28
Reproductive Territory
Space used for breeding.
29
Age Structure
Distribution of individuals among different ages.
30
Generation Time
Time from birth to reproduction.
31
Age at First Reproduction
Age when an individual first reproduces.
32
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths in a given time.
33
Density-Independent Factor
Affect population regardless of size. Example: Weather, natural disasters.
34
Density-Dependent Factors
effects strengthen with increasing population size. Example: Food availability, predation, disease
35
Metapopulations
-Groups of spatially separated populations connected by dispersal. -May have suitable but unoccupied habitats
36
Population Growth
Populations cannot grow indefinitely. Carrying Capacity (K): Maximum sustainable population size. Logistic Growth Equation: G = rN(K-N)/K understand that growth slows as population nears K.)
37
Community
Group of interacting species in a shared environment.
38
Barnacle Study (Connell's Study)
fundamental vs realized niche
39
Fundamental Niche
The full range of conditions a species could occupy.
40
Realized Niche
The range a species actually occupies due to competition
41
Interspecific Competition
Competition between different species.
42
Intraspecific Competition
Competition within the same species.
43
predator-prey adaptions
chemical aposematic mimicry camouflage
44
chemical defense
Animals store toxins from plants.
45
Aposematic Coloration
Bright warning colors indicating toxicity.
46
Batesian Mimicry
Harmless species mimics harmful one. (nontoxic butterfly vs a toxic one)
47
Müllerian Mimicry
Two harmful species evolve similar warning signals (bees and wasps_
48
camouflage
Blending into the environment to avoid detection.
49
Keystone Species
Species whose effect on the community is disproportionately large. Example: Sea otters regulating urchin populations.
50
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Moderate disturbance promotes the highest species diversity.
51
Ecosystem
system of organisms interacting with their physical environment.
52
Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, groundwater.
53
Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis captures CO₂; respiration and decomposition release it.
54
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, uptake by plants, denitrification.
55
Phosphorus Cycle
Weathering of rock releases phosphate for plants; no gaseous phase.
56
Productivity
Rate of new organic material formation. Measured in kilocalories/year.
57
Production
Amount of biomass present. Measured in kilograms.
58
10% rule
10% of energy moves to next trophic level.
59
Top-Down Cascade:
Predator removal impacts herbivores and plants.
60
Bottom-Up Cascade
Changes in primary producers ripple upward through food web.
61
Atmosphere
Reflects/absorbs sunlight, mixes uniformly.
62
Earth's Curvature
Equator receives more direct sunlight; poles receive less.
63
Tilt and Orbit
Create seasons and temperature variation.
64
Ocean Currents
Distribute heat (e.g., Gulf Stream warms Europe).
65
Continents
Position influences ocean and wind patterns.
66
Mountains:
Create rain shadows and local climate zones.
67
Biomes
Major ecological communities defined by vegetation and climate.
68
Rain Shadow Effect
Windward mountain sides are wet; leeward sides are dry deserts.
69
Tropical Rainforest
High rainfall and biodiversity.
70
Savanna
Grassland with scattered trees.
71
Desert:
Low precipitation; temperature extremes.
72
Temperate Grassland
Moderate rainfall; dominated by grasses.
73
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Trees lose leaves seasonally.
74
Taiga (Boreal Forest)
coniferous trees, cold winters.
75
Tundra
Treeless, cold, permafrost.
76
Alpine Tundra
Similar to tundra at high elevations.
77
Lakes/Ponds
Vary in oxygen, light, and nutrient levels.
78
Wetlands
High productivity, buffer between land and water.
79
Marine Ecosystems:
Open ocean, continental shelves, upwellings, deep sea.
80
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Disrupts upwellings, causes global weather changes.

biol 1106 test 4 (8 decks)

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